Immunogenic compositions against tuberculosis

ABSTRACT

Methods of preparing mutants of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  with one or more disrupted genes are presented, where the disrupted genes include ctpV, rv0990c, rv0971c, and/or rv0348. Compositions containing mutants with attenuated virulence and pathogenesis, which are capable of stimulation of an immune response against tuberculosis, are described. Compositions and methods relating to immunogenic compositions, which include an attenuated  M. tb  strain in which the  M. tb  genome includes a disruption of at least one of the ctpV gene, the rv0990c gene, the rv0971c gene, and the rv0348 gene, are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/216,167, entitled “Immunogenic Compositions Against Tuberculosis,” filed on May 14, 2009, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with United States government support awarded by the National Institutes of Health under grant no. NIH 066235. The United States government has certain rights in this invention.

BACKGROUND

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (“M. tb”) genome is one of the largest bacterial genomes known, including more than 4 million base pairs and nearly four thousand predicted protein coding sequences. Approximately one-third of the world's population is infected with M. tb, the causative agent of the disease tuberculosis (“TB”) in humans. Infection with M. tb is commonly the result of an uninfected person inhaling M. tb bacilli that have become airborne as a result of some action of an infected person, e.g., coughing, sneezing, spitting, or talking. Clinically, infection with M. tb in humans can be divided into three stages.

In the first stage of infection, which typically lasts from three to eight weeks, M. tb bacilli are taken up by alveolar macrophages in the lungs, where they multiply. In the second stage of the infection, which typically lasts from two to five months, M. tb multiplies within inactivated macrophages until they burst, whereupon M. tb circulates via the bloodstream to all body organs including the brain, bone marrow, and other parts of the lung. In the third stage of the infection, which typically lasts from six months to two years, the host commonly develops a cell-mediated immune response to M. tb and may experience pleurisy accompanied by severe chest pain. In the fourth stage of infection, there is either resolution of the primary complex or persistence of the infection until reactivation, which may occur many years after initial exposure to M. tb. While only 5-10% of non-immunocompromised persons exposed to TB develop active TB during their lives, it is estimated that each person with active TB infects about 10-15 others annually. Ultimately, TB causes nearly two million deaths every year and is a leading killer of HIV-infected persons.

A vaccine for tuberculosis, Bacille Calmette Guérin (“BCG”), prepared with an attenuated strain of the bovine pathogen Mycobacterium bovis, is routinely used world-wide. However, the vaccine utilizes bacteria that do not normally cause disease in humans and provides little to no protection against tuberculosis in adults. Drugs are also available to treat TB, but bacterial resistance has developed against every available drug. Moreover, multi-drug resistant (“MDR”) and extensively drug-resistant (“XDR”) strains of TB pose a serious threat to human health.

SUMMARY

The present application relates to M. tb mutants, which may exhibit reduced virulence in test subjects as compared to the counterpart wild-type M. tb. As a result of this reduced virulence, the mutants described herein may be useful for eliciting an immune response in a subject that has been exposed to the mutant. For example, in some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable immunogenic composition comprising the M. tb mutants may be administered to a subject. The M. tb mutants described herein are commonly characterized by disruptions in the ctpV, rv0990c, rv0971c, and/or rv0348 (also known as “mosR”) genes of M. tb.

For example, in some embodiments, engineered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (“M. tb”) strains are provided in which the M. tb genome includes a disruption of at least one of the ctpV gene, the rv0990c gene, the rv0971c gene, and the rv0348 gene. In some embodiments, the disruption results in a knock-out of the disrupted gene; in other embodiments, the disrupted gene exhibits decreased expression of the corresponding gene product (i.e., RNA, protein). In further embodiments, the disruption prohibits the transcription of a full-length, wild-type mRNA and/or the production of a functional wild-type protein from the disrupted gene.

Gene disruptions may be generated by methods known in the art. For example, in some embodiments, the disruption includes an insertion of a heterologous sequence, such as a gene cassette, into the gene. In other embodiments, the disruption includes the replacement of at least a portion of the wild-type gene sequence with a heterologous sequence, such as a gene cassette. In some embodiments the heterologous sequence encodes a selectable marker, such as a hygromycin resistance gene.

In some embodiments, the engineered M. tb strains exhibit attenuated virulence. For example, in some embodiments, mice infected with the engineered M. tb strain have an increased average post-infection lifespan compared to mice infected with the corresponding wild-type strain. For example, in some embodiments, the post infection life span of mice infected with an engineered attenuated M. tb strain is at least about 125% compared to mice infected with the corresponding wild-type M. tb strain. In other embodiments, the post infection life span of mice infected with an engineered attenuated M. tb strain is at least about 125% to about 200% of that of mice infected with the corresponding wild-type M. tb strain. In other embodiments, the post infection life span of mice infected with an engineered attenuated M. tb strain is at least about 130% to about 190%; at least about 140% to about 180%; is at least about 150% to about 170%; is at least about 160% to about 165%; is at least about 162%; or at least about 138% of the post infection life span of mice infected with the wild-type strain. In some embodiments, the engineered attenuated M. tb strain is ΔctpV, Δrv0348, Δ0990c, or Δ0971c.

In some embodiments, the engineered M. tb strains exhibit a different response to stress as compared to the wild-type counterparts. For example, in some embodiments, the average lifespan of an engineered M. tb strain in 500 μM CuCl₂, is decreased by at least about 10% to about 50% as compared to a corresponding wild-type M. tb strain. In other embodiments, the lifespan of an engineered M. tb strain in 500 μM CuCl₂, is decreased by at least about 15% to about 40%; by at least about 20% to about 30%; or by at least about 25% as compared to a corresponding wild-type M. tb strain. In further embodiments, the engineered M. tb strains exhibit enhanced expression of hypoxia-related genes under low oxygen conditions as compared to the corresponding wild-type strains. In some embodiments, the engineered M. tb strain is Δrv0348.

In some embodiments, the engineered M. tb strains exhibit a different response to stress as compared to the wild-type counterparts. For example, in some embodiments, the engineered M. tb strains exhibit enhanced expression of hypoxia-related genes under low oxygen conditions as compared to the corresponding wild-type strains. In some embodiments, the expression of hypoxia-responsive genes under low-oxygen conditions is not repressed by an rv0348 protein. In some embodiments, the engineered M. tb strain is Δrv0348.

In further embodiments, the engineered M. tb strains exhibit enhanced expression of one or more of the following genes: Rv0823c-Rv0824c; Rv1622c; Rv1623c; Rv2031c; Rv2629-Rv2630; Rv3048c; and Rv3139-Rv3140. In other embodiments, the engineered M. tb strains exhibit decreased expression of one or more of the following genes: Rv0167-0177; Rv0684-0685; Rv0700-0710; Rv0718-0723; Rv1613-1614; Rv2391, 2392; Rv2948c; Rv3148-Rv3154; Rv3460c; Rv3824c-Rv3825c; Rv3921c-Rv3924c. In some embodiments, the engineered M. tb strain is Δrv0348.

The present disclosure also relates to immunogenic compositions including engineered M. tb strains. For example, in some embodiments, immunogenic compositions include an attenuated M. tb strain in which the M. tb genome includes a disruption of at least one of the ctpV gene, the rv0990c gene, the rv0971c gene, and the rv0348 gene. Some embodiments of immunogenic compositions also include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant.

Also disclosed herein are methods of eliciting or stimulating an immune response in a subject against tuberculosis (e.g., vaccinating a subject against tuberculosis). In some embodiments, an immunogenic composition including an attenuated M. tb strain in which the M. tb genome includes a disruption of at least one of the ctpV gene, the rv0990c gene, the rv0971c gene, and the rv0348 gene is administered to the subject. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal and the immunogenic composition is administered orally, nasally, subcutaneously, intravenously or by inhalation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a diagram of an in vivo expressed genomic island (“iVEGI”) of M. tb preferentially expressed in murine host during tuberculosis.

FIG. 2 is a representation of the ctpV coding region from which 2.1 kB are deleted (shown in black) to produce the ΔctpV mutant.

FIG. 3 shows Southern blot confirmation of the ΔctpV mutant.

FIG. 4 shows the results of RT-PCR verifying transcription of ctpV and the downstream gene rv0970 in the wild-type strain but only transcription of the rv0970 gene in the isogenic mutant ΔctpV.

FIG. 5 shows the fold changes in expression of ctpV in H37Rv and isogenic mutants after exposure to 500 μM copper relative to cultures kept copper-free.

FIG. 6 shows growth curves of wild-type M. tb, its isogenic mutant ΔctpV, and the complemented strain ΔctpV:ctpV.

FIG. 7 shows growth curves of wild-type M. tb (H37Rv), its isogenic mutant ΔctpV, and the complemented strain ΔctpV:ctpV in the presence of 0 μM and 50 μM and 500 μM CuCl₂.

FIG. 8 shows growth curves of the wild-type M. tb in the presence 0 μM and 50 μM and 500 μM CuCl₂ and growth curves of the M. tb isogenic mutant ΔctpV and the complemented strain ΔctpV:ctpV in the presence of 500 μM CuCl₂.

FIG. 9 shows the bacterial load of mouse lungs at various times after infection with either wild-type M. tb (H37Rv) or its isogenic mutant ΔctpV.

FIG. 10 shows survival of mouse groups (N=10) at various times after infection with either wild-type M. tb (H37Rv) or its isogenic mutant ΔctpV.

FIG. 11 shows acid-fast staining of sectioned mouse lung tissue of mice infected with wild-type (“WT”) and ΔctpV at two weeks (top) and four weeks (bottom) post infection.

FIG. 12 shows histological analysis of lung sections of mice lungs at 4 weeks (top) and 38 weeks (bottom) of infection with wild-type (“WT”) and ΔctpV.

FIG. 13 shows qRT-PCR and microarray data for fold change of expression of selected genes in ΔctpV relative to wild-type.

FIG. 14 shows a qRT-PCR survey of the response to copper of all predicated metal-transporting P-type ATPases within the M. tb (H37Rv) genome.

FIG. 15 shows the organization of the rv0348 operon and the strategy for gene disruption.

FIG. 16 shows (B) Southern blot analysis of SalI-digested genomic DNA of the H37Rv WT and Δrv0348 mutant; (C) PCR analysis of cDNA synthesized from RNA samples purified from H37Rv (lanes 1, 3, 5) or Δrv0348 mutant (lanes 2, 4, 6); and (D) Western blot analysis for different M. tb strains using polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits against MBP-rv0348 protein.

FIG. 17 shows growth curves of four different M. tb strains in Middlebrook 7H9 broth.

FIG. 18 shows lung CFU/GM in murine lungs following aerosol infection with H37Rv, Δrv0348, and Δrv0348::rv0348.

FIG. 19 shows survival curves of three mice groups (N=10) infected with H37Rv, Δrv0348, and Δrv0348::rv0348.

FIG. 20 shows histological analysis of lung sections of mice lungs at 2 weeks and 20 weeks after infection with H37Rv, Δrv0348 and Δrv0348::rv0348.

FIG. 21 shows CFU/g tissue in murine lungs at time of death for H37Rv wild-type strain (37 weeks) and for Δrv0348 strain (62 weeks).

FIG. 22 shows a transcriptional profile of rv0348 in M. tb (H37Rv) under variable stressors.

FIG. 23 shows colony counts of four different M. tb strains subjected to different stressors.

FIG. 24 shows fold changes of ten genes utilizing RNA from both mutant Δrv0348 and complemented Δrv0348::rv0348 strains relative to H37Rv wild type strain.

FIG. 25 shows a comparative analysis of the transcriptome of M. tb exposed to variable conditions.

FIG. 26 shows A) Western blot analysis of the recombinant strain of M. smegmatis mc²155 expressing rv0348 protein; B) the survival curve of M. smeg::pML21 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (left scale) and fold change in mosR transcripts as measured by qRT-PCR (right scale); C) Lac-Z repression for constructs for rv3130c promoter; D) Lac-Z repression for constructs for rv0347; E) Lac-Z repression for constructs for rv0700; F) Lac-Z induction for constructs for rv0167 (“*” denotes significant change in a Student's t-Test (p<0.001)).

FIG. 27 shows results of various EMSA assays.

FIG. 28 shows recombinant colonies of M. smegmatis without (left) or with (right) promoters for the target genes.

FIG. 29 shows CFU/g tissue in murine lungs at various times for H37Rv wild-type strain, Δrv0990c strain, and Δrv0971c strain.

FIG. 30 shows survival curves of three mice groups infected with H37Rv wild-type strain, Δrv0990c strain, and Δrv0971c strain.

FIG. 31 shows the colonization and survival data of ΔctpV and the corresponding wild-type H37Rv M. tb strain.

FIG. 32 shows histopathology of mouse tissue at 4 weeks post infection with ΔctpV and the corresponding wild-type H37Rv M. tb strain.

FIG. 33 shows histopathology at early, chronic stages of mouse tissue at 4 weeks post infection with Δrv0971c, Δ0991c and the corresponding wild-type H37Rv M. tb strain.

FIG. 34 shows mouse lung tissue stained with IFN-γ antibody at 8 weeks post infection with wild-type and M. tb mutant strains. The left panel shows mouse lung infected with wild-type M. tb, the middle panel shows mouse lung infected with ΔctpV mutant, and the right panel shows mouse lung infected with the ΔctpV:ctpV mutant.

FIG. 35 is a graph showing fold change in expression of csoR at 500 μM copper in the ΔctpV mutant and the ΔctpV:ctpV mutant relative to csoR expression in the corresponding WT M. tb strain.

FIG. 36 shows histological analysis of lung sections of mice lungs at 4 weeks post infection with wild-type (“WT”) M. tb and ΔctpV and ΔctpV::ctpV.

FIG. 37 shows CFU/g tissue in murine lungs at various times for H37Rv wild-type strain, ΔctpV strain, and ΔctpV::ctpV strain.

FIG. 38 shows survival curves of three mice groups infected with H37Rv wild-type strain, ΔctpV strain, and ΔctpV::ctpV strain.

FIG. 39 shows histological (A) and immunohistochemisty (B) analysis of lung sections of mice lungs at 8 or 38 weeks post infection with wild-type (“WT”) M. tb and ΔctpV and ΔctpV::ctpV.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present application relates to novel M. tb mutants which exhibit reduced virulence in test subjects as compared to the wild-type M. tb counterpart. Due to the reduced virulence, the mutants described herein are useful for eliciting an immune response in a subject that has been exposed to the mutant. For example, in some embodiments, the mutants are provided as a pharmaceutically acceptable immunogenic compound, such as a vaccine.

The novel M. tb mutants described herein are characterized by disruptions in the ctpV, rv0990c, rv0971c, and/or rv0348 (also known as “mosR”) genes of M. tb.

The present invention is described herein using several definitions, as set forth below and throughout the specification.

As used herein, the term “subject” refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human. The term “subject” and “patient” may be used interchangeably.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to any carrier that has substantially no long term or permanent detrimental effect when administered to an individual. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include diluents, fillers, salts, dispersion media, coatings, emulsifying agents, wetting agents, sweetening or flavoring agents, tonicity adjusters, absorption delaying agents, preservatives, antibacterial and antifungal agents, buffers, anti-oxidants, stabilizers, solubilizers, bulking agents, cryoprotectant agents, aggregation inhibiting agents, or formulation auxiliary of any type. Suitable carriers are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2000, 20th Ed., Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins), incorporated herein by reference. Preferred examples of such carriers or diluents include, but are not limited to, water, sodium chloride, mannitol, trehalose dihydrate, polysorbate 80, various pharmaceutically acceptable buffers for adjusting pH (e.g. phosphate buffers, citrate buffers, acetate buffers, and borate buffers).

The term “immunogenic composition” is used herein to refer to a composition that will elicit an immune response in a mammal that has been exposed to the composition. In some embodiments, an immunogenic composition includes at least one of four M. tb mutants ΔctpV, Δrv0990c, Δrv0971c, and/or Δrv0348. In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition includes at least two, at least three or at least four of the mutants ΔctpV, Δrv0990c, Δrv0971c, and/or Δrv0348.

In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions described herein may be formulated for administration (i.e., formulated for “exposure” to the mammal) in a number of forms. For example, in some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions are prepared for oral, pulmonary, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, nasal, or topical administration. Compositions may also be formulated for specific dosage forms. For example, in some embodiments, the immunogenic composition may be formulated as a liquid, gel, aerosol, ointment, cream, lyophilized formulation, powder, cake, tablet, or capsule. In other embodiments, the immunogenic composition is formulated as a controlled release formulation, delayed release formulation, extended release formulation, pulsatile release formulation, and mixed immediate release formulation. In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition is provided as a liquid. In other embodiments, the immunogenic composition is provided in lyophilized form.

The terms “mutation” and “disruption” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a detectable and heritable change in the genetic material. Mutations may include insertions, deletions, substitutions (e.g., transitions, transversion), transpositions, inversions and combinations thereof. Mutations may involve only a single nucleotide (e.g., a point mutation or a single nucleotide polymorphism) or multiple nucleotides. In some embodiments, mutations are silent, that is, no phenotypic effect of the mutation is detected. In other embodiments, the mutation causes a phenotypic change, for example, the expression level of the encoded product is altered, or the encoded product itself is altered. In some embodiments, a mutation may result in a disrupted gene with decreased levels of expression of a gene product (e.g., protein or RNA) as compared to the wild-type strain (e.g., M. tb). In other embodiments, a mutation may result in an expressed protein with activity that is lower as compared to the activity of the expressed protein from the wild-type strain (e.g., M. tb).

The term “knockout mutant” is used herein to refer to an organism in which a null mutation has been introduced in a gene. In a knockout mutant, the product encoded by the wild-type gene is not expressed, expressed at levels so low as to have no effect, or is non-functional. In some embodiment, the knockout mutant is caused by a mutation in the knocked out gene. In some embodiments, the knockout mutation is introduced by inserting heterologous sequences into the gene of interest. In other embodiments, the knockout mutation is introduced by replacing a portion of the wild-type gene or allele, or a majority of the wild-type gene or allele, with a heterologous sequence, or an engineered (e.g., manually altered, disrupted, or changed), non-functional, copy of the wild-type sequence.

A “knocked out gene” refers to a gene including a null mutation (e.g., the wild-type product encoded by the gene is not expressed, expressed at levels so low as to have no effect, or is non-functional). In some embodiments, the knocked out gene includes heterologous sequences or genetically engineered non-functional sequences of the gene itself, which renders the gene non-functional. In other embodiments, the knocked out gene is lacking a portion of the wild-type gene. For example, in some embodiments, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40% or at least about 60% of the wild-type gene sequence is deleted. In other embodiments, the knocked out gene is lacking at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95% or at least about 100% of the wild-type gene sequence. In other embodiments, the knocked out gene may include up to 100% of the wild-type gene sequence (e.g., some portion of the wild-type gene sequence may be deleted) but also include one or more heterologous and/or non-functional nucleic acid sequences inserted therein.

Generally, a heterologous sequence may be any sequence which does not affect the expression of other genes in the organism (e.g., does not encode a regulatory protein). Additionally, in some embodiments, a heterologous sequence includes a marker sequence (e.g., a gene that the organism does not have, and that confers resistance to a drug or other harmful agent, or that produces a visible change such as color or fluorescence). For example, in some embodiments, the heterologous sequence is the hygromycin resistance gene, as described in Bardarov, et al., 2002, Microbiol., 148:3007-3017, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. By way of example, but not by way of limitation, other suitable heterologous sequences include selectable markers such as a kanamycin resistance marker or other antibiotic resistance marker, β-galactosidase, or various other detectable markers known to those of skill in the art.

In a knockout mutant, the heterologous sequence may be expressed (e.g., may be transcribed and/or translated) or it may be silent (e.g., not transcribed and/or translated). For example, in the case of M. tb knockout mutants ΔctpV, Δrv0990c, Δrv0971c, and Δrv0348, the heterologous sequence includes the hygromycin resistance gene. The hygromycin resistance gene is expressed in the knockout mutants, and mutant knockouts are selected, inter alia, by virtue of their ability to grow in the presence of hygromycin.

Mutants, such as knockout mutants may be constructed using methods well known in the art, although methods involving homologous recombination are frequently used. In some embodiments, such methods include techniques such as electroporation or transduction. In other embodiments, transposons may be used to disrupt the gene of interests and insert heterologous sequence. By way of example, but not by way of limitation, other methods of constructing mutants in M. tb include, for example, the use of a suicide vector and chemical mutagenesis.

A knockout mutant may include a single knocked out gene or multiple knocked out genes. For example, in some embodiments, an M. tb knockout mutant includes a knockout of one or more of the following genes: ctpV, rv0990c, rv0971c, and rv0348.

The term “M. tb ΔctpV,” “ΔctpV mutant,” “ΔctpV knockout,” or “ΔctpV” is used herein to refer to an M. tb knockout, in which the ctpV gene is not expressed, expressed at levels so low as to have no effect or the expressed protein is non-functional (e.g., is a null-mutation). In some embodiments, the ΔctpV mutant includes a heterologous sequence in place of all or a majority of the ctpV gene sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous sequence includes the hygromycin resistance gene.

The term “M. tb Δrv0990c,” “Δrv0990c mutant,” “Δrv0990c knockout” or “Δrv0990c” is used herein to refer to an M. tb knockout, in which the rv0990c gene is not expressed, expressed at levels so low as to have no effect or the expressed protein is non-functional (e.g., is a null-mutation). In some embodiments, the Δrv0990c mutant includes a heterologous sequence in place of all or a majority of the rv0990c gene sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous sequence includes the hygromycin resistance gene.

The term “M. tb Δrv0971c,” “Δrv0971c mutant,” “Δrv0971c knockout,” or “Δrv0971c” is used herein to refer to an M. tb knockout, in which the rv0971c gene is not expressed, expressed at levels so low as to have no effect or the expressed protein is non-functional (e.g., is a null-mutation). In some embodiments, the Δrv0971c mutant includes a heterologous sequence in place of all or a majority of the rv0971c gene sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous sequence includes the hygromycin resistance gene.

The term “M. tb Δrv0348,” “Δrv0348c mutant,” “Δrv0348 knockout,” “Δrv0384,” “M. tb ΔmosR” “ΔmosR mutant,” “ΔmosR knockout,” or “ΔmosR” is used herein to refer to an M. tb knockout, in which the rv0348 gene is not expressed, expressed at levels so low as to have no effect or the expressed protein is non-functional (e.g., is a null-mutation). In some embodiments, the Δrv0348 mutant includes a heterologous sequence in place of all or a majority of the rv0348 gene sequence. In some embodiments, the heterologous sequence includes the hygromycin resistance gene. As used herein, the term rv0348 and mosR are used interchangeably.

The term “vaccine” is used herein to refer to a composition that is administered to a subject to produce or increase immunity to a particular disease. In some embodiments, vaccines include a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The term “live attenuated vaccine” is used herein to refer to a vaccine prepared from live bacteria or viruses, which have been weakened so they produce immunity when exposed to a subject, but do not cause disease, or cause a less severe form, duration, onset or later onset of the disease.

In some embodiments, a live attenuated vaccine includes at least one of the four M. tb knockout mutants ΔctpV, Δrv0990c, Δrv0971c, and Δrv0348. In other live attenuated vaccine embodiments, at least two, at least three or at least four of the M. tb knockout mutants are provided. In still other embodiments, a live attenuated vaccine includes an M. tb knockout that includes multiple “knocked out” genes. For example, in some embodiments, the live attenuated vaccine includes M. tb with a knockout of one or more of the ctpV, rv0990c, rv0971c, and rv0348 genes.

In other embodiments, the “live attenuated vaccine” is a pharmaceutical composition that includes a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The term “gene cassette” is used herein to refer to a DNA sequence encoding and capable of expressing one or more genes of interest (e.g., a selectable marker) that can be inserted between one or more selected restriction sites of a DNA sequence. In some embodiments, insertion of a gene cassette results in a disrupted gene. In some embodiments, disruption of the gene involves replacement of at least a portion of the gene with a gene cassette, which includes a nucleotide sequence encoding a selectable marker. In some embodiments, a gene cassette may be an antibiotic resistance gene cassette. In some embodiments, the antibiotic resistance gene cassette may be a hygromycin resistance cassette. By way of example, but not by way of limitation, Bardarov, et al., 2002, Microbiol.,148:3007-3017 describes one embodiment of a hygromycin resistance gene cassette.

The term “engineered” is used herein to refer to an organism that has been deliberately genetically altered, modified, or changed, e.g. by disruption of the genome. For example, an “engineered M. tb strain” refers to an M. tb strain that has been deliberately genetically altered, modified, or changed.

The term “corresponding wild-type strain” or “parent wild-type strain” is used herein to refer to the wild-type M. tb strain from which the engineered M. tb strain was derived. As used herein, a wild-type M. tb strain is a strain that has not been engineered to knock out one or more of the ctpV, rv0990c, rv0971c, or rv0348 genes. The engineered M. tb strain may have been modified to knock out more than one of the ctpV, rv0990c, rv0971c, or rv0348 genes.

The term “pathogen” or “infectious agent” is used herein to refer to a specific causative agent of disease or illness in a host, such as, for example, a bacterium or virus.

The term “strain” is used herein to refer to a genetic variant of a organism, such as bacteria or virus. Thus, a wild-type M. tb strain is genetically different from a mutant M. tb strain.

The term “attenuated strain” is used herein to refer to a strain with weakened or reduced virulence in comparison to the corresponding wild-type strain.

The term “post-infection lifespan” (“PILS”) is used herein to refer to the length of time an organism survives (i.e., lives) after infection with an infectious agent (e.g., an M. tb strain). As used herein, the PILS of an organism infected with a “standard” or “reference” infectious agent (e.g., a wild-type M. tb strain) is 100% when compared to the PILS of an organism infected with a “test” infectious agent (e.g., an engineered mutant strain of the “standard” or “reference” infectious agent). A PILS of greater than 100% indicates the organism infected with the test infectious agent lives longer than the organism infected with the reference infectious agent. A PILS of less than 100% indicates that the organism infected with the test infectious agent lives less long (i.e., dies sooner) than the organism infected with the reference infectious agent. In some embodiments, the “infected organism” is a mouse, and the infectious agent is an M. tb strain. In some embodiments, the “reference” M. tb strain is a wild-type M. tb strain and the “test” infectious agent is an engineered mutant of the wild-type M. tb strain.

The term “average post-infection lifespan” refers to the average time a group of organisms survives post-infection.

In some embodiments, the post-infection lifespan of organisms infected with different infectious agents (e.g., different strains of M. tb) are compared. For example, in some embodiments, the PILS of an organism (e.g., a mouse) infected with an engineered M. tb strain (i.e., “test” strain) is compared to the PILS of an organism (e.g., a mouse) infected with the corresponding wild-type strain of M. tb (i.e., the “reference” strain). In some embodiments, the average post-infection lifespan of organisms infected with different infectious agents (e.g., different strains of M. tb) are compared. For example, in some embodiments, the average PILS of mice infected with an engineered M. tb strain is compared to the average PILS of mice infected with the corresponding wild-type strain of M. tb. In some embodiments, the median post-infection lifespan of organisms infected with different infectious agents (e.g., different strains of M. tb) are compared. For example, in some embodiments, the median PILS of mice infected with an engineered M. tb strain is compared to the median PILS of mice infected with the corresponding wild-type strain of M. tb.

By way of example, but not by way of limitation, the median PILS of mice infected with a wild-type M. tb reference strain is 29 weeks. In comparison, mice infected with a mutant M. tb strain, (e.g., ΔctpV) have a median PILS of 47 weeks. In this example, the PILS of mice infected with the mutant M. tb is at least 62% greater than the PILS of mice infected with the wild-type M. tb reference strain. Thus, the PILS of the mice infected with the mutant M. tb is 162% of the PILS of mice infected with the wild type M. tb. As another non-limiting example, mice infected with mutant M. tb strain Δrv0348 live for at least 40 weeks, while mice infected with the corresponding wild-type M. tb strain have a median survival time of 29 weeks. Accordingly, the PILS of mice infected with the mutant M. tb strain is at least 138% of mice infected with the wild-type strain.

The term “virulence” is used herein to refer to the relative ability of a pathogen to cause disease.

The term “attenuated virulence” or “reduced virulence” is used herein to refer to a reduced relative ability of a pathogen to cause disease. For example, attenuated virulence or reduced virulence can describe bacteria or viruses that have been weakened so they produce immunity when exposed to a subject, but do not cause disease, or cause a less severe form, duration, onset or later onset of the disease.

The term “pathogenesis” is used herein to refer to the series of events leading up to a disease and the step-by-step development of the disease due to structural and/or functional changes to a cell, tissue, or organ caused by a pathogenic agent (e.g., bacterium, virus, chemical compound etc.).

The term “attenuated pathogenesis” is used herein to refer to a reduction in the number or severity of events leading up to a disease or a slowing of the development of a disease.

The term “adjuvant” is used herein to refer to a substance that enhances the pharmacological effect of a drug or increases the immune response to an antigen. By way of example, but not by way of limitation, adjuvants include mineral salts, e.g., aluminium hydroxide and aluminum or calcium phosphate gels; oil emulsions and surfactant based formulations, e.g., MF59 (microfluidised detergent stabilized oil-in-water emulsion), QS21 (purified saponin), AS02 [SBAS2] (oil-in-water emulsion+MPL+QS-21), Montanide ISA-51 and ISA-720 (stabilised water-in-oil emulsion); particulate adjuvants, e.g., virosomes (unilamellar liposomal vehicles incorporating influenza haemagglutinin), AS04 ([SBAS4] Al salt with MPL), ISCOMS (structured complex of saponins and lipids), polylactide co-glycolide (PLG); microbial derivatives (natural and synthetic), e.g., monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), Detox (MPL+M. Phlei cell wall skeleton), AGP [RC-529] (synthetic acylated monosaccharide), DC_Chol (lipoidal immunostimulators able to self organize into liposomes), OM-174 (lipid A derivative), CpG motifs (synthetic oligonucleotides containing immunostimulatory CpG motifs), modified LT and CT (genetically modified bacterial toxins to provide non-toxic adjuvant effects), endogenous human immunomodulators, e.g., hGM-CSF or hIL-12 (cytokines that can be administered either as protein or plasmid encoded), Immudaptin (C3d tandem array); inert vehicles, such as gold particles.

As described above, the present application provides novel knockout mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (“M. tb”) useful in eliciting an immune response in a mammal against M. tb. The following examples are presented to illustrate 1) methods of producing knockout mutants, 2) methods of testing virulence of a knockout, and 3) methods of eliciting an immune response with the mutants. The examples are provided to assist one of ordinary skill in making and using the same. The examples are not intended in any way to otherwise limit the scope of the invention. The section is divided into eight main Examples: Example I provides information regarding the ΔctpV knockout mutant; Example II provides information regarding the Δrv0384 knockout mutant; Examples III provides information regarding a Δrv0990c knockout mutant; Example IV provides information regarding a Δrv0971c knockout mutant; Example V provides information regarding M. tb. infected mice; Example VI provides information regarding mice infected with a Δrv0990c mutant; Example VII provides information regarding mice infected with a Δrv0971c mutant; and Example VIII provides information regarding the use of M. tb mutants to generate an immune response and as vaccines.

Example I ΔctpV Knockout Mutant

A. Overview

Many enzymes require a metal cofactor for activity. The metals that serve as cofactors in enzymes required for life are considered biologically active metals. These metals, including iron, copper, zinc, and magnesium, serve as required micronutrients for many diverse cellular organisms, from humans to bacteria. For bacteria that colonize the human body, this can serve as a form of environmental stress, as microbes and host cells struggle for the possession of the same micronutrients.

The most commonly used metal cofactor, iron, has frequently been studied in the context of this struggle. Required by both host cells and bacteria for a number of enzymatic activities, including respiration and detoxification, iron is kept bound by host proteins such as transferrin and lactoferrin. Successful human pathogens have developed compounds termed “siderophores” to compete with host proteins for bound iron. These microbes also use iron-specific uptake mechanisms and regulators which contribute to iron scavenging and survival within a host.

Another biologically active metal, copper, is also required by both host and bacterial enzymes, including oxidases and superoxide dismutase. The potential role of copper in host/microbe interactions has not yet been elucidated. Interestingly, studies of copper homeostasis mechanisms in pathogenic organisms have shown that copper export, as opposed to acquisition, seems to be most important for virulence. For example, copper export is required for full virulence of the human pathogens Psuedomonas aeruginosa and Listeria monocytogenes as well as the plant pathogen Pseudomonas fluorescens. Conversely, no copper importers or uptake mechanisms have been identified as required for virulence in any pathogen.

Studies of biometals indicate that although pathogenic bacteria must obtain sufficient amounts of micronutrients, they are also sensitive to metal toxicity. Therefore, an equal balance of metal import and export (homeostasis) must be obtained at levels appropriate for each metal. Presumably, the ability to sense metals in the environment and regulate the expression of homeostasis mechanisms is key to maintaining intracellular metals at appropriate concentrations.

The first copper-binding transcriptional regulator in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (“M. tb”) was identified, and it has been demonstrated that this important human pathogen has the ability to respond to copper in its intracellular environment. As shown in FIG. 1, this copper-binding regulator, CsoR, is encoded within a region of the M. tb genome previously associated with in vivo survival, an in vivo expressed genomic island (“iVEGI”) of M. tb preferentially expressed in murine host during tuberculosis. CsoR has been shown to upregulate the expression of its own operon, the cso operon, in response to increasing amounts of copper. The cso operon includes the ctpV gene, which encodes a putative metal transporter previously associated with copper response in M. tb.

Previously, the expression of the ctpV gene was determined to be induced by copper ions via the copper-binding transcriptional regulator CsoR. ctpV was identified as a member of the M. tb whole-genome transcriptional response to copper at both growth-permissive and toxic physiological levels, with highest induction occurring at toxic copper levels. Sequence analysis showed that ctpV has ˜70% protein-level similarity to previously characterized copper transporters involved in copper export and import in Escherichia coli and Enterococcus hirae, respectively. Thus, due to its particularly high induction during exposure to toxic levels of copper, ctpV may encode a copper exporter required for detoxification in the presence of elevated copper.

In the following example, the role of ctpV in mycobacterial copper response and its relevance to the development of tuberculosis is shown. CtpV is a copper exporter required for copper homeostasis in M. tb. The CtpV copper exporter is also required for the full virulence of the bacteria in a mouse model of infection.

B. Construction of the ctpV Knockout Mutant

A knockout mutant of ctpV, ΔctpV, was created in the virulent M. tb strain H37Rv by replacing the coding region of ctpV with a hygromycin resistance cassette using homologous recombination. Referring to FIG. 2, the ΔctpV mutant was created with homologous recombination via pML21, a derivative of pPR27, which resulted in the deletion of 2.1 kB of the ctpV coding region (represented in black) and the insertion of a 3.5 kB region encoding a hygromycin resistance cassette. The ctpV gene is 2313 base pairs long. About 2.1 kB of the coding sequence of ctpV (base 102 to 2239) were deleted from the genome of M. tb and replaced by the hygromycin cassette.

Briefly, to construct ΔctpV, 800 basepair fragments of both the upstream and downstream portion of the gene were amplified by PCR (primers AMT567, AMT568, AMT371, and AMT372 are listed in Table 3). The amplified fragments were cloned into the pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega, Madison, Wis.). The fragments were digested with the flanking restriction enzyme sites (AflII/XbaI and HindIII/SpeI for upstream and downstream portions, respectively) and ligated into pYUB854. After digestion by NotI and SpeI (Promega), the linearized vector was ligated into pML19, a derivative of pPR27 where a kanamycin resistance cassette has been inserted into the PstI site. The resulting vector was named “pML20”.

This vector was electroporated into electrocompetent M. tb using a Gene Pulser II machine (BioRad, Herculese, Calif.), and cells were plated onto Middlebrook 7H10 supplemented with 10% albumin-dextrose-catalase (ADC) and 50 ug/mL hygromycin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). After one month of growth at 32° C., transformants were grown for two weeks with shaking at 32° C. in Middlebrook 7H9 supplemented with 10% ADC and 50 ug/mL hygromycin. These cultures were plated onto Middlebrook 7H10 supplemented with 10% ADC, 2% sucrose, and 50 ug/mL hygromycin and incubated at 39° C. for three weeks. The genomic incorporation of the plasmid was confirmed via the inability of colonies to grow on Middlebrook 7H10 supplemented with 25 ug/mL kanamycin.

The transformant used for experiments, ΔctpV, was confirmed via negative PCR for the ctpV coding region and positive PCR for the hygromycin resistance cassette with primers listed in Table 3, AMT885, AMT886, AMT887, and AMT926.

Additionally, Southern blot analysis was performed on ΔctpV and wild type genomic DNA (5 μg) digested with BamHI (Promega), using probes for the remaining coding region of ctpV or the hygromycin resistance cassette. Referring to FIG. 3, the mutant was confirmed with Southern blots using a membrane constructed from BamHI-digested genomic DNA for WT or ΔctpV. Incubation with a P-32 labeled probe for the remaining ctpV region (FIG. 3, left) revealed the increased size of the band in ΔctpV resulting from the loss of two BamHI restriction enzyme sites within the ctpV coding region, as shown in FIG. 2, when it was replaced with HygR, which contains no BamHI sites. Additionally, a probe for the hygromycin resistance cassette (FIG. 3, right) hybridized only to the mutant gDNA.

Because ctpV is the third gene in the 4-gene cso operon, ΔctpV was tested for possible polar effects on the downstream gene of unknown function, rv0970. Using reverse-transcriptase PCR, the transcription of rv0970 in the mutant strain was confirmed. Referring to FIG. 4, the polarity of the ctpV knockout mutant was addressed using RT-PCR to check for transcription of its downstream gene. In the wild-type strain (left), positive bands show that ctpV and the downstream gene rv0970 are both encoded in the genome and transcribed (able to be amplified from cDNA), with negative amplification from RNA shown as a negative control. In the isogenic mutant ΔctpV (right), the ctpV coding region is not present in the genome nor is it transcribed, but the downstream gene rv0970 is unaffected.

C. Construction and Evaluation of a ctpV Complement

A complemented strain was created by cloning the ctpV coding region into an integrative vector (pMV361) containing the constitutive hsp60 promoter and transforming into the ΔctpV mutant strain. Integration of ctpV into the ΔctpV genome to create the complemented strain ΔctpV:ctpV was confirmed with PCR, and restored gene expression was confirmed with qRT-PCR.

Briefly, for complementation of ΔctpV, the ctpV coding region was amplified and cloned into the pGEM-T easy vector for sequencing. The pGEM vector was then digested with EcoRI and HindIII (Promega), and the fragment was ligated into pMV361. The vector was sequenced, and then electroporated into electrocompetent ΔctpV cells and plated on 7H10 supplemented with 10% ADC with 50 ug/mL hygromycin and 25 ug/mL kanamycin. The complemented strain was confirmed using a forward primer within the pMV361 vector (hsp60) and a reverse primer within the ctpV coding region.

D. Evaluation of ΔctpV, Complement ΔctpV:ctpV and Wild-Type M. tb Strain H37Rv

Referring to FIG. 5, expression of ctpV was measured using qRT-PCR, with cDNA created from 30 mL cultures exposed to 500 μM Cu. Data is expressed as fold-change relative to cultures kept copper-free, a condition in which expression from the cso operon is minimal. qRT-PCR did not detect expression of ctpV in the knockout mutant (middle), but expression was restored in the complemented strain (right). The higher level of induction in the complemented strain relative to WT H37Rv (left) is indicative of the increased strength of the hsp60 promoter used for complementation relative to the native cso promoter.

A growth curve in 7H9 media revealed that ΔctpV and its complement ΔctpV:ctpV have no generalized growth defects relative to WT. Referring to FIG. 6, growth curves of WT, its isogenic mutant ΔctpV, and the complemented strain ΔctpV:ctpV were performed in 7H9+ADC. 7H9 media was prepared using Remel brand 7H9 Middlebrook powder, prepared as described by manufacturer. 10% ADC supplementation consisted of adding 100 mL containing 2 grams glucose, 5 grams BSA fraction V, and 0.85 grams NaCl to 900 mL 7H9 media. Cultures were seeded from stock to OD 0.10 and allowed to grow for 14 days at 37° with shaking, with CFUs taken at 0, 4, 8, and 14 days via plating on 7H10+ADC. The data show an identical growth rate among the three strains. Two biological replicates were performed.

CsoR is induced proportionally to intracellular copper concentration. The ΔctpV mutant shows increased expression of csoR at 500 μM copper as compared to wild-type, while the ΔctpV:ctpV mutant shows decreased expression of csoR at 500 μM copper. (See FIG. 35).

The ΔctpV mutant and the complemented strain ΔctpV:ctpV were then used to experimentally characterize the role of ctpV in copper response.

E. ctpV Expression is Required for Optimal Survival in High Copper

To test the role of ctpV in copper transport, copper sensitivity between ΔctpV and wild-type H37Rv M. tb (“WT”) were compared. The knockout of a copper exporter would be expected to result in increased sensitivity to copper-based toxicity, and this phenotype has been observed in knockouts of previously characterized copper exporters in other organisms. To test the copper sensitivity phenotype of ΔctpV, growth curves of WT and ΔctpV in liquid broth cultures supplemented with defined amounts of copper were performed using a range of copper concentrations previously determined to be physiologically relevant.

Growth curves were performed in 30 mL Cu-free Sauton's minimal media +0.05% Tween, prepared using water treated with Chelex (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, Mo.), with defined amounts of CuCl₂ added. Glassware was acid-washed (1N nitric acid) to maintain metal-free conditions. Cultures were seeded to OD 0.1 with bacterial stock washed 2× in Sauton's, and allowed to grow for 14 days at 37° C. with shaking. Colony forming units (“CFUs”) were determined at 0, 4, 8, and 14 days post-exposure by plating on Middlebrook 7H10+10% ADC, with 50 ug/mL hygromycin added in the case of the mutant and complemented strains.

Growth at 0 μM and 50 μM CuCl₂ were identical among the three strains, as shown in FIG. 7, thus only data for WT at 0 μM and 50 μM CuCl₂ are shown in FIG. 8. Referring to FIG. 8, at 500 μM copper, ΔctpV displayed an increased copper sensitivity relative to WT, while the complemented strain showed a decreased copper sensitivity. Comparisons of CFUs of ΔctpV and WT strains revealed that at toxic levels of copper (500 μM CuCl₂), the ΔctpV strain, lacking ctpV, survived for 8 days, while the WT strain survived for 14 days.

F. ctpV Expression is Required for Virulence of M. tb

The ctpV gene is part of a 29-gene genomic island called the in-vivo expressed genomic island (“iVEGI”) previously shown to be preferentially induced in mice relative to in vitro culture. The ctpV gene may play a role in the survival of M. tb within a host, as experiments have shown that ctpV is a copper exporter, and data indicate that copper homeostasis in bacteria may play a role in pathogenesis, though this had not previously been tested in M. tb.

BALB/c mice were infected with either ΔctpV or wild-type M. tb using a low-dose aerosolization protocol. Bacterial survival and mouse lung pathology were measured at short-term as well as long-term time points via the homogenization and plating of infected lung tissue as well as organ histology. Additionally, mice infected with the two strains were monitored over the long-term course of the infection and the survival of the infected mice was recorded.

Briefly, BALB/c mice (Harlan, Indianapolis, Ind.) were infected in a Glas-Col chamber (Glas-Col, LLC, Terra Haute, Ind.) loaded with 10 mL of either ΔctpV or wildt-type at OD 0.30. Infectious dose of approximately 300 CFU/animal was confirmed via a 1-day time point. CFUs were determined by homogenizing lung tissue in PBS buffer and plating on Middlebrook 7H10+10% ADC, followed by incubation at 37° C. for one month. Final CFUs were normalized to the weight of the lung tissue used. Sections of lung, liver, and spleen tissue were taken and incubated in formalin prior to sectioning and staining with H&E and AFS. Histopathology slides were examined and scored by a pathologist not associated with the study.

As shown in FIG. 9, a decrease in lung CFUs of ΔctpV relative to WT was observed at both short-term and long-term time points. Referring to FIG. 9, the bacterial load of mouse lungs after infection with either wild type (H37Rv) or its isogenic mutant ΔctpV was determined via homogenization of lungs from infected mice (N=3-5 per time point) in PBS and plating on 7H10+ADC (numbers normalized to grams of lung tissue homogenized) with approximately one-log difference seen between ΔctpV and WT at 2 weeks and 38 weeks. Mice infected with ΔctpV lived longer than mice infected with WT, with a 18-week increase in time to death, as shown in FIG. 10. Referring to FIG. 10, the survival of mouse groups (N=10) after infection with WT or ΔctpV is shown. The median survival time for mice infected with WT was 29 weeks, versus 47 weeks for mice infected with ΔctpV.

As shown in FIG. 11, acid-fast stains of histology sections confirm the lower bacterial load of mice infected with ΔctpV compared to infection with the wild-type strain at two weeks post infection. As shown in FIG. 12 and FIG. 36 (4 weeks post infection comparison of mouse lung tissue infected with wild-type, Δctpv and the ΔctpV::ctpv M. tb complement), histopathology revealed lower levels of tissue destruction along the course of infection with ΔctpV relative to WT, even at time points where bacterial load was not significantly different between ΔctpV and WT. At 8 weeks post infection, lung tissue from mice infected with ΔctpV displayed granulomatous inflammation, whereas mice infected with H37Rv displayed massive granulomatous inflammation with more lymphocytic infiltration. And by 38 WPI, granuloma formation occupied almost the whole lungs of mice infected with the wild-type strain, compared to only 50% of tissues of mice infected with the ΔctpV mutant. However, whether wild type or the ΔctpV were used for infection, granulomatous lesions included sheets of lymphocytes and aggregates of activated macrophages. Leisons observed in the complemented strain were very similar to those observed in mice infected with the H37Rv strain.

Immunohistochemstry using IFN-γ antibodies was performed on lung tissue sections from mice infected with WT, ΔctpV or ΔctpV::ctpV M. tb strains. At eight weeks post infection, mice infected with the ΔctpV mutant showed decreased IFN-γ expression relative to mice infected with the corresponding wild-type M. tb strain. The IFN-γ antibody appears brown in FIG. 34.

Taken together, mouse infection data indicates a role for ctpV in M. tb survival in lungs as well as overall virulence and host mortality.

G. Other Genes are Expressed under High Copper Conditions in the ctpV Knockout

In M. tb, ctpV is very highly expressed at toxic concentrations of copper (500 μM), and it has been shown that ctpV is required for normal survival at this level of copper. Interestingly, the genome of M. tb encodes a number of genes with high sequence similarity to ctpV. Specifically, ctpV is a metal translocation P-type ATPase, and there are ten other predicted metal-translocating P-type ATPases in the H37Rv genome with significant sequence similarity to ctpV as shown in Table 1. With the exception of ctpV, potential cation prediction is based solely on sequence data. Percent similarity was determined at the protein level using MATCHER. Sequences were obtained from Tuberculist.

TABLE 1 Predicted Metal-Translocating P-type ATPases in the H37Rv Genome with Significant Sequence Similarity to ctpV Gene name Product name Potential Cation % similarity to CtpV rv0092 CtpA Copper 65.3 rv0103c CtpB Copper 61.4 rv3270 CtpC Unknown 54.7 rv1469 CtpD Cadmium 50.4 rv0908 CtpE Unknown 44.5 rv1997 CtpF Unknown 44.7 rv1992c CtpG Unknown 55.5 rv0425c CtpH Unknown 44.1 rv0107c CtpI Magnesium 44 rv3743c CtpJ Cadmium 49.8 rv0969 CtpV Unknown —

The presence of redundant proteins is indicated by the delayed copper sensitivity phenotype as shown in FIG. 10. The eight-day delay in a phenotypic difference between WT and ΔctpV implies that, initially, other mechanisms may be able to compensate for the lack of ctpV, although any such functional complementation is only partial after eight days.

Cultures of ΔctpV were exposed to 500 μM CuCl₂ for 24 hours and transcript levels of the cells were compared to those of wildtype cultures that had been exposed to the same conditions, as published previously (see e.g., Ward, et al., J Bacteriol 2008 April; 190(8): 2939-46).

Briefly, cultures of ΔctpV were inoculated to OD 0.1 in Sauton's media and allowed to grow shaking at 37° C. to OD 0.6. The cultures were then supplemented with 500 μM CuCl₂ and incubated for three more hours prior to spinning down the cultures and freezing immediately at −80° C.

Briefly, RNA was extracted using a Trizol-based method (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), and treated with DNAse I (Ambion, Austin, Tex.) to remove contaminating DNA. cDNA was synthesized from 1 μg total RNA using an Invitrogen SuperScript ds-cDNA synthesis kit in the presence of 250 ng genome-directed primers. cDNA clean up, Cy3 labeling, hybridizations, and washing steps were performed using the NimbleGen gene expression analysis protocol (NimbleGen Systems, Inc., Madison, Wis.). Microarray chips were purchased from NimbleGen Systems, Inc., and they contained nineteen 60-mer probes for each of the 3,989 open reading frames identified in the genome of M. tb H37Rv, with five replicates of the genome printed on each slide (total of 95 probes/gene). Slides were scanned using an Axon GenePix 4000B scanner (Molecular Devices Corporation, Sunnyvale, Calif.), and fluorescence intensity levels normalized to 1000. Significantly changed genes between WT and ΔctpV were determined using the EBArrays package in R (R is an open source platform used by Bioconductor, an open source and open development software project). A cutoff value of 0.50 for the probability of differential expression, determined using an LNN model, was used to determine statistically differentially expressed genes.

Ninety-eight genes with significantly different expression levels between ΔctpV and WT after exposure to 500 μM CuCl₂ were identified and are listed in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Genes with Significantly Different Expression Levels between ΔctpV and WT after Exposure to 500 μM CuCl₂ ΔctpV500/ Gene rv name wt500 name Description Gene Regulation rv1221 1.86 sigE ECF subfamily sigma subunit rv1379 1.57 pyrR regulatory protein - pyrimidine biosynthesis rv1398c 2.14 conserved hypothetical protein rv1909c 4.46 furA ferric uptake regulatory protein rv1994c 2.98 transcriptional regulator (MerR family) rv3260c 1.81 whiB2 WhiB transcriptional activator homologue Transporters rv0969 −2.45 ctpV cation transport ATPase rv2398c −2.14 cysW sulphate transport system permease protein Membrane/secreted proteins rv0451c −2.83 mmpS4 conserved small membrane protein rv0970 −3.07 hypothetical protein rv1566c 1.54 putative exported p60 protein homologue rv1799 1.52 lppT probable lipoprotein rv1980c −2.47 mpt64 secreted immunogenic protein Mpb64/Mpt64 rv1987 1.90 probable secreted protein rv2080 2.75 lppJ lipoprotein rv3763 1.86 lpqH 19 kDKD Enzymes rv0247c −1.72 probable iron-sulphur protein *(succinate dehydrogenase) rv0462 −1.73 probable dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase rv1182 −2.21 papA3 PKS-associated protein, unknown function rv1185c −1.78 fadD21 acyl-CoA synthase rv1471 1.89 trxB thioredoxin reductase rv1520 1.58 glycosyltransferase rv1908c −1.68 katG catalase-peroxidase rv2196 −1.82 qcrB cytochrome b component of ubiQ-cytB reductase rv2200c −1.58 ctaC cytochrome c oxidase chain II rv2244 2.00 acpM acyl carrier protein (meromycolate extension)*(polyketide/ fatty acid biosynthesis) rv2445c −1.58 ndkA nucleoside diphosphate kinase rv2930 −1.75 fadD26 acyl-CoA synthase rv3116 −1.55 moeB molybdopterin biosynthesis rv3117 −1.61 cysA3 thiosulfate sulfurtransferase rv3146 −1.62 nuoB NADH dehydrogenase chain B rv3359 1.59 probable oxidoreductase rv3377c −1.68 similar to many cyclases involved in steroid biosynthesis rv3824c −1.80 papA1 PKS-associated protein, unknown function Mce proteins rv0169 −1.58 mce1 cell invasion protein rv0170 −1.87 part of mce1 operon rv0171 −1.59 part of mce1 operon rv0174 −1.57 part of mce1 operon Ribosomal proteins rv0055 3.29 rpsR 30S ribosomal protein S18 rv0056 1.75 rplI 50S ribosomal protein L9 rv0710 1.52 rpsQ 30S ribosomal protein S17 rv0719 −1.65 rplF 50S ribosomal protein L6 rv1298 2.11 rpmE 50S ribosomal protein L31 rv2882c −1.65 frr ribosome recycling factor Protein fate rv2109c −2.13 prcA proteasome [alpha]-type subunit 1 rv2457c −1.77 clpX ATP-dependent Clp protease ATP-binding subunit ClpX rv2903c 1.83 lepB signal peptidase I rv2094c 3.74 tatA tatA subunit tatAB secretion system rv3875 2.09 esat6 early secretory antigen target Other rv3841 1.75 bfrB bacterioferritin rv0001 −1.61 dnaA chromosomal replication initiator protein rv1080c −1.80 greA transcription elongation factor G Hypothetical proteins rv0021c 1.83 conserved hypothetical protein rv0140 1.54 Conserved hypothetical protein rv0236A −1.53 rv0500B 1.81 rv0508 1.55 hypothetical protein rv0664 −1.52 hypothetical protein rv0686 −1.72 potential membrane protein rv0730 1.60 conserved hypothetical protein rv0740 −1.52 conserved hypothetical protein rv0755A 1.90 rv0759c 1.62 conserved hypothetical protein rv0991c 1.60 hypothetical protein rv1087A 1.51 rv1134 1.61 hypothetical protein rv1334 1.58 conserved hypothetical protein rv1501 1.97 conserved hypothetical protein rv1532c 1.51 conserved hypothetical protein rv1765A 2.35 rv1783 −2.18 conserved hypothetical protein rv1794 −2.07 conserved hypothetical protein rv1810 2.26 conserved hypothetical protein rv1982c 1.69 conserved hypothetical protein rv2269c 1.57 hypothetical protein rv2401 1.56 hypothetical protein rv2623 −1.58 conserved hypothetical protein rv2632c 1.55 conserved hypothetical protein rv2706c 1.77 hypothetical protein rv2708c 1.51 conserved hypothetical protein rv2804c 1.74 hypothetical protein rv2970A 1.69 rv3022A −2.33 rv3131 −1.73 conserved hypothetical protein rv3142c 2.34 hypothetical protein rv3221A 1.99 rv3222c 1.74 conserved hypothetical protein rv3288c −1.90 conserved hypothetical protein rv3395A 2.24 rv3412 1.87 conserved hypothetical protein rv3492c −1.57 conserved hypothetical protein rv3528c 1.90 hypothetical protein rv3614c −1.65 conserved hypothetical protein rv3616c 2.53 conserved hypothetical protein rv3633 −1.94 conserved hypothetical protein rv3658c 1.63 probable transmembrane protein rv3686c 2.01 conserved hypothetical protein rv3822 −1.52 conserved hypothetical protein

To confirm the validity of the microarray data, expression levels of nine of the genes identified in the microarray dataset were tested with qRT-PCR.

Briefly, qRT-PCR was performed using a SYBR green-based protocol. cDNA was synthesized from DNAse-treated RNA, obtained as described above, using SuperScript III (Invitrogen) as directed by the manufacturer, in the presence of 250 ng mycobacterial genome-directed primers. 100 ng cDNA was used as template in a reaction with iTaq SYBR green Supermix with ROX (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.) in the presence of gene-specific primers (see Table 3) at a concentration of 200 nM. Cycle conditions were 50° C. for 2 min, 95° C. for 3 min, and 40 cycles of 95° C. for 15 seconds and 60° C. for 30 seconds. Reactions were performed in triplicate on an AB7300 machine (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) with fluorescence read at the 60° C. step. Threshold cycle values were normalized to 16S rRNA expression.

TABLE 3 Gene-Specific Primers Primer Sequence Purpose AMT371 ATCACTACTAGTTGAAGACGGTTCGGGGCCAT ctpV flank cloning AMT372 ATCACTAAGCTTATAGGCGTGCACGGCGTGCA ctpV flank cloning AMT567 ATCACTTCTAGAGGGTTCTCCTCGGTCAGCGTG ctpV flank cloning AMT568 ATCACTGGTACCCAGAAACGTCCGCCCCGCTG ctpV flank cloning AMT874 GCGGGTGTGGTTGGCCTTGCCGTT Internal primer for mutant screening AMT875 GCGGCAACGATCGCCGCACCGATG Internal primer for mutant screening AMT926 TGGTGGACCTCGACGACCTGCAGG ctpV mutant screening AMT887 ACGAAGCGCGCGAAGGGATGCTGG ctpV mutant screening AMT885 GGAACTGGCGCAGTTCCTCTGGGG ctpV mutant screening AMT886 TTGACCGCAAAGAAGCGCGCGGCG ctpV mutant screening AMT1335 ACCTCGAACATGGACAC ctpV Forward AMT1336 ACCGGCAAACAACTGATAC ctpV Reverse AMT1114 CAATCCAGGGAAATGTCA esxA Forward AMT1115 AGCTTGGTCAGGGACT esxA Reverse AMT1116 TCGTTGGGCAAGTCAT tatA Forward AMT1117 GCTTCCGCTTTGTTCT tatA Reverse AMT1132 AACCCGGTGGCAAACAAC ctaC Forward AMT1133 CGCAGTGGCCCACGAATG ctaC Reverse AMT1168 CCGTCCTGGAAGCAGTGAATG furA Forward AMT1169 AAACGCACGGCACCGAAA furA Reverse AMT1178 GCCGCACAGTTCAACGAAAC rv1471 Forward AMT1179 CGCACCAGGAGGCCCAAT rv1471 Reverse AMT1194 AGCACGATGCCGAAGACCTG sigE Forward AMT1195 TGCCCGGCTGGTAATTCTG sigE Reverse AMT1196 GTCGAGGAACGAAACCATGCAAT bfrB Forward AMT1197 ACCGTGTCTACGCCGGGAAT bfrB Reverse AMT1198 CGCGGCGATGAACGACAT qcrB Forward AMT1199 ACGGCGGCAGAATCACCAT qcrB Reverse

The microarray fold-change direction was confirmed by qRT-PCR for all nine genes, as shown in FIG. 13. Referring to FIG. 13, from left to right are: esxA, tatA, ctpV, ctaC, furA, rv1471, sigE, bfrB, and qcrB. qRT-PCR was used to confirm selected genes from the microarray data set, using RNA from the original microarray experiment as the source for cDNA. Direction of induction was reproduced in qRT-PCR data 100% of the time with data shown as fold change of expression in ΔctpV relative to WT and normalized to 16S expression. Additionally, qRT-PCR of cDNA from ΔctpV:ctpV cells treated with the same 3-hour exposure to 500 μM copper showed that complementation restored WT-levels of induction for selected genes from the microarray data set.

Because the removal of a copper exporter increases intracellular copper concentration, it was expected that the ΔctpV response to toxic copper levels relative to the response of WT would show a transcriptional response of many of the 15 genes previously associated with copper stress in M. tb. In fact, 11/15 of the genes previously associated with toxic copper response were identified as having significantly changed transcript levels between ΔctpV and WT during copper stress. A number of these genes (N=7) showed a change in the direction of induction (e.g., genes upregulated in general copper response were downregulated after deletion of CtpV).

In addition to the overlap with the copper stress dataset, eighty-seven other genes were identified, including functional categories not previously associated with copper response, such as mammalian cell entry (“mce”) family proteins, ribosomal proteins, and a number of membrane/secreted proteins. While these studies have shown that deletion of ctpV invokes a unique response to environmental copper via increased intracellular copper levels, it is apparent that deletion of ctpV also has other affects on the intracellular environment of the bacterium that cannot easily be attributed to copper concentration alone. Though not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is possible that the lack of a membrane protein affecting membrane stability or signaling, or deletion causes indirect affects on other proteins such as regulators responsive to generalized cellular stress.

The whole-genome microarray of ΔctpV relative to WT at high copper did not reveal induction of any of the genes with high sequence similarity to CtpV (see Table 1). The more sensitive technique of qRT-PCR was then used to more precisely investigate the transcriptional induction of all of the other P-type ATPases in the M. tb genome.

These data revealed that only one other P-type ATPase, ctpG, is induced in the presence of copper, and is particularly induced in the absence of ctpV, as shown in FIG. 14. Referring to FIG. 14, a qRT-PCR survey of the response of all predicated metal-transporting P-type ATPases within the M. tb H37Rv genome to copper was conducted. The transcriptional profile at 500 μM copper in the wildtype strain (gray bars) shows induction of only ctpG and ctpV. In the absence of ctpV (black bars), the induction of ctpG is increased. Data are displayed as fold-change relative to expression at 0 μM Cu, and are normalized to expression of 16S.

A predicted metalloregulatory protein, rv1994c, lies upstream of ctpG, and was identified via microarrays as responsive to general copper stress as well as the absence of ctpV.

Example II rv0348 Knockout Mutant

A. Overview

Earlier analysis of the chronic stage of tuberculosis in mice identified several unique genes induced during chronic infection, including a novel transcriptional regulator encoded by the rv0348 gene (also known as the “mosR” gene). Transcripts for rv0348 were upregulated ˜200 fold after 60 and 140 days of M. tb infection in mice, and the Rv0348 protein was shown to bind to its own promoter. In this Example, an M. tb mutant is generated with an inactivated rv0348 gene to examine the role of this gene in M. tb survival in the murine model following aerosol infection.

B. The Δv0348 Knockout Mutant Shows Attenuated Activity Compared to its Wild-Type Counterpart

In BALB/c mice, the bacilli load of the Δrv0348 mutant strain was significantly lower compared to the H37Rv and rv0348-complemented strains, indicating a role for rv0348 in controlling mycobacterial virulence.

1. Strains, Media, Plasmids and Statistical Methods

Escherichia coli DH5α and HB101 were used as host cells for cloning purposes in all experiments of this Example. M. tb H37Rv and M. smegmatis mc²155 strains were grown in 7H9 Middlebrook liquid medium (BD Biosciences, Rockville, Md.) and on 7H10 Middlebrook plates supplemented with albumin dextrose catalase (“ADC”) and antibiotics, when needed (25 μg/ml kanamycin or 50 μg/ml hygromycin). Protocols for DNA manipulations employed throughout this Example, including PCR, cloning, DNA ligations, and electroporation were performed as described in “Molecular cloning, a laboratory manual,” Sambrook, et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989) or according to manufacturer's recommendations. A list of plasmids and constructs used in this Example is presented in Table 4. Student's T-test implemented in Microsoft Excel was used to accsses significance difference among samples at p<0.05 level for the reporter assays and bacterial load counts.

TABLE 4 Plasmids and Constructs used in Experiments of Example 2 Plasmid Characteristics pYUB854 Cosmid for disruption construct pMV361 Integrative mycobacterial shuttle vector. Kan^(R) M. smeg:: Recombinant M. smegmatis harboring the pML21 whole Rv0348 operon under the control of its own promoter in addition to hsp60. Kan^(R) pML23 pMV361 harboring Rv0348 gene. Kan^(R) pCV77 Replicative shuttle vector with promoterless LacZ transcriptional fusion. Kan^(R) pML24 pCV77 with hygromycin cassette in opposite direction to LacZ. Kan^(R), Hyg^(R) pML25 pML24 harboring the promoter region of Rv0347 operon. Kan^(R), Hyg^(R) pML26 pML24 harboring the promoter region of Rv0167 (mce1 operon). Kan^(R), Hyg^(R) pML27 pML24 harboring the promoter region of Rv0700 (rpsJ). Kan^(R), Hyg^(R) pML28 pML24 harboring the promoter region of Rv3130c (tgs1). Kan^(R), Hyg^(R) pML29 pML24 harboring the promoter region of hsp60. Kan^(R), Hyg^(R)

The procedures for cloning, overexpression, and purification of M. tb Rv0348 in E. coli are described in Talaat et al., 2007, J. Bacteriol., 189:4265-4274. Total RNA samples were extracted from mycobacterial cultures grown to OD₆₀₀=0.5 or 1.5 using Trizol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) as described in Talaat et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A, 2004, 101:4602-4607 and Talaat et al., 2007, J. Bacteriol., 189:4265-4274. Extracted mycobacterial total RNA samples were treated with DNAse I (Ambion, Austin, Tex.) until no DNA was detected using PCR primers for the 16S rRNA gene. Primers used in Example 2 are listed in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Primers used in Experiments of Example 2 Gene ID sequence purpose Rv3130c F1 5′-gggtttctcaaggcagaaga-3′ qRT-PCR Rv3130c R1 5′-ggatcgtccacccatttg-3′ qRT-PCR Rv2628 F 5′-aatccgccaccatctatcag-3′ qRT-PCR Rv2628 R 5′-atctcaacggacaggtgctc-3′ qRT-PCR Rv0700 F1 5′-ggacagaagatccgcatcag-3′ qRT-PCR Rv0700 R1 5′-cccgcgagtccttgtactta-3′ qRT-PCR Rv0167 F1 5′-attctttcgcatgtgtgtgc-3′ qRT-PCR Rv0167 R1 5′-gaagatcaacagcaccgtca-3′ qRT-PCR Rv0347 F1 5′-agcttgccgatctcaaactc-3′ qRT-PCR Rv0347 R1 5′-cttctgccggaggttctttc-3 qRT-PCR Rv0569 F 5′-cgatagatcaaccggaccac-3′ qRT-PCR Rv0569 R 5′-cattctgctcctccgcagt-3′ qRT-PCR Rv1996 F 5′-caacaaacgaacctcggaat-3′ qRT-PCR Rv1996 R 5′-tactcaaatgcccacccttc-3′ qRT-PCR Rv1997 F 5′-tcaagaatccaaggcagagg-3′ qRT-PCR Rv1997 R 5′-tgactcgttcacgctcaatc-3′ qRT-PCR Rv2032 F 5′-gacttggtggagtcgcagtt-3′ qRT-PCR Rv2032 R 5′-ccaatgaactgtgcggtatg-3′ qRT-PCR Rv3128c F 5′-gggctcaaagcttctgtcac-3′ qRT-PCR Rv3128c R 5′-tggtggcctagtggtttttc-3′ qRT-PCR Rv0348A 5′-actagtctacccgggctgggaggagtttcg-3′ Knockout of Rv0348 Rv0348B 5′-aagcttgcaaagccgtagtccgcgagctgc-3′ Knockout of Rv0348 Rv0348C 5′-tctagatggcgggacatcgcacgcgttgtc-3′ Knockout of Rv0348 Rv0348D 5′-ggtaccaacgggccaacggtgctgtcggag-3′ Knockout of Rv0348 Rv0348 F1 5′-TCGCGGACTACGGCTTTG-3′ qRT-PCR in stress conditions Rv0348 R1 5′-CCTTGCGCCATTTGGTGATTG-3′ qRT-PCR in stress conditions Rv0348 F2 5′-atcctctagaatgaccatttcgttct-3′ Cloning of Rv0348 gene in pMAL-c2 Rv0348 R2 5′-gcgcaagcttaccgcttgggtcttat-3 Cloning of Rv0348 gene in pMAL-c3 Rv0348 F3 5′-AAGAATTCGTGCCCGGCGCGCGCGAGTTGACG- Cloning of Rv0348 operon into 3′ pMV361 Rv0348 R3 5′-CACCCCGCTCAAGCTTGCCTCGAC-3′ Cloning of Rv0348 operon into pMV361 Rv0348 F4 5′-ggggaattcatgaccatttcgttctctagc-3′ Cloning of Rv0348 gene into pMV361 Rv0348 R4 5′-TGGAAGCTTTTACCGCTTGGGTCTTATCGA-3′ Cloning of Rv0348 gene into pMV361 Rv0347 F2 5′-cggtctagaAttgagctccctgggatggtg-3′ Cloning into pML24 Rv0347 R2 5′-cggaagcttggccgtcacaacattcatgataa-3′ Cloning into pML24 Rv3130c F2 5′-cggaagcttGTAACCGCTGCCCGAAC-3′ Cloning into pML24 Rv3130c R2 5′-cgcggatccCACACCACAGCTGAGGATCA-3′ Cloning into pML24 Rv0700 F2 5′-cggtctagaCGGGAAGCTCGCAGGTgg-3′ Cloning into pML24 Rv0700 R2 5′-cggaagcttCTCCCGCGAGTCCTTGTac-3′ Cloning into pML24 Rv0167 F2 5′-cggtctagaCGAAGACCTAGGTGAGTTCCTG-3′ Cloning into pML24 Rv0167 R2 5′-cggaagcttGAGCGTGAAGATCAACAGCA-3′ Cloning into pML24 hsp60 5′-cgctctagacgggtcttgttgtcgttggcgg-3′ Cloning into pML24 hsp60 5′-cggaagcttcattgcgaagtgattcctccgg-3′ Cloning into pML24 Rv0347 F3 5′-ttgtcgtgccgaccgtcgcggg-3′ EMSA Rv0347 R3 5′-ggagtccatcgcgccagctcct-3′ EMSA Rv0165c F 5′-tcaacggcagcaccacgtgg-3′ EMSA Rv0165c R 5′-tgacccgatcgccgaaaccg-3′ EMSA Rv0823c F 5′-acacagcgcccggaatgcga-3′ EMSA Rv0823c R 5′-ggaagcccgtacgggcaaga-3′ EMSA Rv1846c F 5′-gtgtaggcaaggtcgcggcg-3′ EMSA Rv1846c R 5′-ggctgcacgtccttgtgtctacacc-3′ EMSA Rv2160c F 5′-cagctcgaacgcgagttggc-3′ EMSA Rv2160c R 5′-aagccatgcctagcgccgac-3′ EMSA Rv1996 F 5′-gaagacgaggagcaccggcgct-3′ EMSA Rv1996 R 5′-gtgcgcttgggcgaccaggtac-3′ EMSA Rv3139 F 5′-TGCCCAGGCTGCCGGGCAACG-3′ EMSA Rv3139 R 5′-gcgcagtgatcggttcagcgga-3′ EMSA Rv0145 F 5′-GTCTCTTCGTTGGCCGAGACGCTGT-3′ EMSA Rv0145 R acccgccgacgacaccaacacc EMSA Rv3825c F 5′-ccacttgcacaccgtccgaccg-3′ EMSA Rv3825C R 5′-gaagcgtcagactaccggcccg-3′ EMSA Rv3130c_F3 5′-GTAACCGCTGCCCGAAC-3′ EMSA Rv3130c_R3 5′-CACACCACAGCTGAGGATCA-3′ EMSA Rv0700_F3 5′-CGGGAAGCTCGCAGGT-3′ EMSA Rv0700_R3 5′-CTCCCGCGAGTCCTTGT-3′ EMSA Rv0167_F3 5′-CGAAGACCTAGGTGAGTTCCTG-3′ EMSA Rv0167_R3 5′-GAGCGTGAAGATCAACAGCA-3′ EMSA

2. Construction of the rv0348 Knockout Mutant

The strategy to construct the rv0348 mutant included the insertion of a hygromycin cassette within the coding sequence of the rv0348 gene using a specialized transduction-based protocol. Attempts to delete the whole gene with the 200 by flanking sequences failed to yield any mutants. Earlier transposon mutagenesis indicated the rv0347 gene flanking the rv0348 sequence was essential, explaining the failure to delete the whole rv0348 gene where flanking sequences were disrupted. However, following specialized transduction of the insertion constructs (introducing the hyg^(r) sequence at 269 by after the start of rv0348) to the M. tb H37Rv strain, several transductants were obtained. The coding sequence of rv0348 could not be replaced by hygR sequence so the generated mutant had all the sequence of rv0348 but with hygR inserted at 269 by after the translation start of rv0348.

A specialized transduction protocol was adopted with a few modifications to inactivate the rv0348 gene using the virulent strain of M. tb H37Rv. Approximately 800 bp-fragments flanking the rv0348 ORF (specifically, flanking the 269 bp) were amplified using standard PCR protocols. Amplicons were cloned into pGEM-T vector (Promega, Madison, Wis.) and sequence verified before ligation into the pYUB845 vector using SpeI and HindIII for left arm and XbaI and Acc651 for right arm to form the Allelic Exchange Substrate (“AES”). Construction of specialized transducing mycobacteriophages and transduction protocols were performed as described in Bardarov et. al., 2002, Microbiol., 148:3007-3017. Following 6 weeks of incubation at 37° C., hygromycin-resistant colonies were selected for further analysis. PCR and Southern blot analyses were used to verify the mutant genotypes as described before (see, Talaat, et al., 2000, Am. J. Vet. Res., 61:125-128 and Wu et al., 2007, J. Bacteriol., 189:7877-7886). PCR, sequencing and Southern blot analyses of several transductants, shown in FIG. 16, verified the desired genotype (Δrv0348) in all transductants, and one of them was chosen for the rest of the analyses.

FIG. 15 shows the organization of the rv0348 operon and the strategy for gene disruption. Data in FIG. 16(B) show a Southern blot analysis of SalI-digested genomic DNA of the H37Rv WT and Δrv0348/Δrv0348 mutant. Data in FIG. 16(C) show PCR analysis of cDNA synthesized from RNA samples purified from H37Rv (lanes 1, 3, 5) or Δrv0348/Δrv0348 mutant (lanes 2, 4, 6). Presence of transcripts of the upstream and downstream genes of the rv0348 gene indicate that the Δrv0348 mutant is non-polar.

To generate antibodies against purified Rv0348, two adult male New-Zealand White rabbits were inoculated with 125 μg of the recombinant fusion protein in Fruend's incomplete adjuvant (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) using an approved protocol by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Rabbits were housed individually in cages at 15 to 18° C. and given antibiotic-free food and water ad libdium. Each immunization was administered subcutaneously (12.5 μg), intradermally (37.5 μg), intramuscularly (50 μg), and intraperitoneally (25 μg) in accordance with the manufacturer's suggestions. Injections of the antigen-adjuvant mixture were administered every 3 weeks for a total of three immunizations. Antibody titers for seroconverted rabbits were measured by ELISA and immunoblot using recombinant purification tag-specific antibodies.

For immunoblotting, mycobacterial cultures were harvested and lysed by boiling in PBS buffer. Total crude extracts were centrifuged and soluble lysates and insoluble pellets were separated on 12% SDS-PAGE and transferred onto PVDF membrane (Hybond-P, Amersham Biosciences). Membranes were saturated by 5% dried milk and rabbit polyclonal antibody was used as primary antibody at a dilution of 1/5000 for 2 hrs. Horse raddish peroxidase conjugated to goat anti-rabbit IgG (Pierce Thermo Scientific, Rockford, Ill.) was used as secondary antibody at 1/30000. Membranes were developed by Chemiluminescent kit according to the manufacturer's protocol (Pierce).

Data in FIG. 16(D) show a Western blot analysis for different M. tb strains using polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits against MBP-Rv0348 protein. Pellets from (1) M. tb H37Rv, (2) Δrv0348 mutant, (3) Δrv0348::rv0348 complemented strain, and (4) H37Rv::rv0348 overexpression strain, were subjected to immunoblotting. The level of expression of Rv0348 protein in M. tb H37Rv compared to other constructs was examined in order to determine its expression (or lack of expression) in M. tb bacilli with variable rv0348 constructs. Rv0348 was detectable, but at low levels, when mycobacterial pellets not culture filtrate samples were analyzed using Western blot, indicating intracellular expression of the Rv0348 protein. The blot for soluble fractions was negative (data not shown).

3. Construction and Evaluation of an rv0348 Complement

The selected Δrv0348 mutant was further used to construct the complementation strain where the coding sequence of rv0348 is expressed in-trans using pMV361-rv0348 to yield the Δrv0348::rv0348 construct. Attempts to introduce the whole operon into M. tb were unsuccessful due to several genomic rearrangements (data not shown). As can be seen in FIG. 15, growth curves for all strains—wild type H37Rv, its isogenic mutant Δrv0348, complemented strain Δrv0348::rv0348, and M. tb H37Rv: rv0348—showed no measurable difference during in vitro growth in Middlebrook 7H9 broth. The four M. tb strains were inoculated into Middlebrook 7H9 broth at O.D600 0.02 and cultures were shaken at 37° C. in an incubator for six days. OD was monitored during the incubation time.

For complementation experiments, the coding sequence of the entire rv0348 operon (2.3 kb) or the coding sequence of the rv0348 gene alone (˜654 bp) were amplified by PCR. Amplicons were cloned into pGEM-T vector and subsequently verified by DNA sequencing. Vectors were double digested by EcoRI and HindIII restriction enzymes followed by ligating gel-purified inserts into pMV361 to give rise to pML21 (Oprv0348) and pML23 (rv0348) shuttle vectors for the expression of the whole operon or rv0348 gene, respectively. Both plasmids (pML21 and pML23) were independently electroporated into electrocompetent M. smegmatis and M. tb H37Rv cells. Transformants were selected and subsequently analyzed by PCR to verify integration of the delivered sequences into the M. tb genome. Expression of the Rv0348 protein was further examined using immuno-blotting as described above.

4. Evaluation of Δrv0348, Complement Δrv0348:rv0348 and Wild-Type M. tb strain H37Rv

Three groups (N=40) of 5-week old BALB/c mice were infected with H37Rv, Δrv0348 or Δrv0348::rv0348 strains and housed in BSL3 environment using an approved protocol from the University of Wisconsin, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (“IACUC”). Cultures of M. tb H37Rv, Δrv0348 and Δrv0348::rv0348 strains were grown to mid-log phase (OD₆₀₀=1). A total of 10 ml cultures adjusted to OD₆₀₀=0.3 were suspended in sterile PBS buffer and used for aerosolization using the Glass-Col aerosol chamber (Terra-Haute, Ind.) to generate an infectious dose of 200-400 cfu per mouse. Two mice were sacrificed at 4-6 hours post infection to enumerate the infectious dose by plating on 7H10 Middlebrook plates in the presence of hygromycin and/or kanamycin for the mutant and complemented strains, respectively. Mice (N=5) were sacrificed at different times post infection to remove lungs for plating on Middlebrook 7H10 agar for colony counting. Portions of livers, spleens and lungs were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for at least 2 hrs before sectioning and staining with hematoxylin and eosin (“H&E”) stain and Ziehl-Neelsen stain.

Culturing lung tissues at day 1 post infection confirmed that all groups of mice received a comparable infectious dose of each strain (220 CFU/mouse for H37Rv, 350 CFU/mouse for the Δrv0348 and, 460 CFU/mouse for the Δrv0348::rv0348). Murine survival and lung colonization following aerosol infection M. tb with different copies of rv0348 is shown in FIGS. 18-20. FIG. 19 shows survival curves of 3 mice groups (N=10) infected with H37Rv, Δrv0348 and Δrv0348::rv0348. FIG. 18 shows lung CFU/GM murine lungs following aerosol infection with H37Rv, Δrv0348 and Δrv0348::rv0348. The “*” denotes significant difference at these times (Student's t-Test). FIG. 20 shows histological analysis of lung sections of mice lungs at 2 weeks and at 20 weeks after infection with H37Rv, Δrv0348, and Δrv0348::rv0348. Note the level of accumulation of inflammatory cells (arrow heads) in H&E stained sections of mice groups.

As shown in FIG. 19, all mice infected with the Δrv0348 mutant survived the infection up to 40 weeks post infection (“WPI”; end of experiment) with a median survival time (“MST”) >40 weeks, while mice infected with the wild type strain, H37Rv began to die at 27 WPI with MST=29 weeks. As shown in FIG. 18, the mycobacterial count for the Δrv0348-infected group was significantly different from other groups, especially at 2, 30, 38 WPI, as at these WPI, the bacterial loads of the mutant strain were significantly lower than the wild type strain. This lower bacterial load of the mutant strain is further demonstrated by data shown in FIG. 21, which shows CFU/g tissue in murine lungs at time of death for H37Rv wild-type strain, which occurred at 37 weeks, and for Δrv0348 strain, which occurred at 62 weeks.

The difference in CFU counts was mostly observed following 30 WPI and later, indicating a critical role for rv0348 in the chronic rather than the early phase of tuberculosis, where the difference was observable in only one data point. Initial colony counts of the complemented strain, Δrv0348::rv0348 at 2 WPI were similar to those of the wild type H37Rv strain indicating successful complementation of Rv0348. Nonetheless, colonization levels at subsequent times, in addition to its survival curve, indicated only a partial complementation of Rv0348 activity. PCR analysis of the retrieved colonies from mice lungs infected with the Δrv0348::rv0348 strain at all times indicted the stability of the complementation construct, even after 30 WPI in mice (data not shown). Failure of complementation after 8 weeks of infection could be explained by the strength of rv0348 operon promoter in comparison to hsp60 promoter used in the complementation construct. LacZ assays in M. smegmatis showed that hsp60 promoter is at least 4 times weaker than the promoter of rv0348 operon (data not shown). Deficiency of in vivo complementation was encountered for several other genes using similar complementation vectors and strategy.

As shown in FIG. 20, histopathological analysis of infected mice tissues showed typical, progressive granulomatous lesions in lungs of mice infected with the wild type or complemented strains where aggregates of foamy macrophages were observed by 20 WPI. Granulomas were more visible as the disease progressed where they occupied almost the whole lungs by the time of death (˜29 WPI). Conversely, a lower level of macrophage and lymphocyte aggregates were observed in mice infected with the Δrv0348 mutant. Notably, inflammatory lesions were visible in 100% of lung sections of mice infected with H37Rv starting at 20 WPI and later, while lesions were observed in only 50% of lung sections of mice infected with the Δrv0348 mutant. This level of inflammatory response did not change significantly by the end of the experiment (40 WPI) when Δrv0348-infected mice were sacrificed. Overall, bacterial loads and survival curves in addition to histopathological analyses indicated the attenuation of the Δrv0348 mutant, especially during chronic tuberculosis.

C. rv0348 Function Under Variable Stress Conditions

The transcriptional profiles of the isogenic mutant relative to its parental strain, H37Rv, indicated the regulation of several gene groups organized into operons and regulons including those involved in mammalian cell entry (mcel), hypoxia (dosR) and starvation.

The ability of the Rv0348 protein to affect transcription of these genes was further analyzed using a LacZ reporter assay and quantitative, real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).

1. Expression of rv0348 Under Variable Stress Conditions

Transcripts constituting the rv0348 operon are known to be activated during starvation and extended anaerobic conditions. To examine the role of rv0348 gene in other mycobacterial defenses, cultures of the wild type strain H37Rv and its isogenic mutant, Δrv0348, were exposed to stress conditions that are thought to be activated during intracellular survival of M. tb.

Following exposure to variable stressors, both colony counts and transcriptional profiles of rv0348 transcripts were assayed (for the H37Rv strain only).

Cultures for M. tb H37Rv, H37RvΔrv0348, complemented strain, Δrv0348::rv0348, or H37Rv M. tb:rv0348 were grown to early log phase (OD₆₀₀=0.5) and their colony counts were determined by plating on Middlebrook 7H 10 agar plates in order to calculate the viable cells at the beginning of the experiment. Aliquots (10 ml) were subjected to 0.05% SDS treatment (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, Sigma) for 4 hrs at 37° C. or to heat shock at 45° C. for 24 hrs in a slow-shaking incubator. To test static growth conditions, 50 ml-aliquots of M. tb constructs were allowed to grow for 2 and 6 months without shaking in closed Falcon tubes. At the designated times, culture aliquots were plated and counted on Middlebrook 7H 10 agar. Other aliquots were used for RNA isolation to assess the expression of rv0348 under the examined stress conditions using quantitative, real-time PCR (“qRT-PCR”).

For qRT-PCR, cDNA was synthesized from 1 μg of total RNA using SuperScript III (Invitrogen) as directed by the manufacturer, in the presence of SYBR green and 250 ng of mycobacterial genome-directed primers. SYBR green qRT-PCR was done using gene specific primers (Table 5) at a concentration of 200 nm. The thermocycle conditions were: 95° C. for 3 min, and 40 cycles of 95° C. for 15 S and 60° C. for 30 S. qRT-PCR reactions were performed in triplicates and the threshold cycle values were normalized to levels of 16SrRNA transcripts and fold changes were calculated by ΔΔC_(T) method.

Transcriptional Analysis was performed as follows. Before DNA microarray hybridizations, double-stranded cDNA (ds-cDNA) was synthesized from 10 ug of total RNA using the SuperScript Double-Stranded cDNA Synthesis Kit (Invitrogen) as directed by the manufacturer, in the presence of 250 ng genome-directed primers. The ds-cDNA was cleaned up and labeled following the NimbleGen gene expression analysis protocol (NimbleGen Systems, Inc., Madison, Wis.) and hybridized to NimbelGen-manufactured microarrays following a protocol we established earlier. In this microarray, each of the 3989 open reading frames (“ORFs”) encoded in the genome of M. tb H37Rv strain, was represented by nineteen of 60 mer oligonucleotide probes. Further, the whole genome was represented five times on each chip (i.e. 5 technical replicates/chip) for a total of 95 probes/gene. All hybridizations (3 μg of double-stranded cDNA/Chip) were performed using NimblGen hybridization buffer and commercial hybridization chambers (TeleChem International, Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif.) overnight at 42° C. Following hybridization, washing steps were performed using Nimblegen washes I, II, and III as recommended by the manufacturer. Slides were scanned using an Axon GenePix 4000B scanner (Molecular Devices Corporation, Sunnyvale, Calif.) and fluorescent intensity levels extracted using NimbleScan (NimbleGen) and normalized to a mean value of 1,000. Determination of significantly changed genes was performed using a flexible empirical Bayes model; specifically, the LNN model in the EBArrays package employing an R language (R is an open source platform used by Bioconductor, an open source and open development software project). A cutoff of 0.50 for the probability of differential expression (PDE>0.5) was used to determine significantly changed genes. Statistical enrichment of gene groups within the microarray genes vs. other transcriptions were calculated using a standard hypergeometric distribution function in Microsoft Excel.

FIG. 22 shows the transcriptional profile of rv0348 in M. tb H37Rv by qRT-PCR of rv0348 transcripts under variable stress conditions, such as high temperature (45° C.), H₂O₂ (10 mM) and SDS (0.05%) treatments, as well as transition to stationary phase (OD₆₀₀=1.5). Fold change was calculated relative to transcripts in untreated cultures of M. tb H37Rv strain (OD₆₀₀=0.5). Error bars represent±standard deviations from the means (bars). qRT-PCR showed that the transcripts of rv0348 remained unchanged when M. tb cultures were exposed to SDS (0.05%).

The transcriptional profile of rv0348 indicated induction at 45° C. and repression following exposure to high levels of H₂O₂ or during the stationary phase of growth. On the other hand, no difference in colony counts was found when mycobacterial cultures (H37Rv and Δrv0348) were exposed to any of the examined stressors including culturing under static conditions for 2-6 months at 37° C. As shown in FIG. 23, different M. tb strains were grown in Middlebrook 7H9 liquid medium to early log phase (OD600=0.5) and their counts were determined. Aliquots of each strains (10 ml) were subjected to different stressor (SDS 0.05%, for 4 hrs) or to heat shock at 45° C. for 24 hours and the CFUs were determined for all strains by plating on Middlebrook 7H10 plates at 37° C.

2. Global Changes in M. tb Transcriptome Triggered by rv0348

It has been suggested that rv0348 plays a role in the transcriptional regulation of M. tb during the transition to the chronic stage in murine lungs. To identify genes under control of rv0348, cultures of both H37Rv and its isogenic mutant, Δrv0348, were grown in vitro for DNA microarray analysis using a high-sensitivity oligonucleotide microarray platform.

Replicate microarray hybridizations were performed for at least two biological samples of both the wild type and mutant strains and showed a high correlation level (r=0.9). Using a standard protocol for Bayesian statistics, significantly regulated genes with a probability of differential expression (PDE)>0.5 and >±2 fold change between H37Rv and Δrv0348 mutant were identified. Using these criteria, a significant change in a set of 163 genes (Table 11) was identified between the transcriptomes for H37Rv and the Δrv0348 (rv0348-regulon).

Table 11 shows a list of the 163 genes whose expression differs in Δrv0348 as compared to the wild-type M. tb counterpart H37Rv. Functional category code for Table 11:0 virulence, detoxification, adaptation; 1 lipid metabolism; 2 information pathways; 3 cell wall and cell; processes; 4 stable RNAs; 5 insertion seqs and phages; 6 PE/PPE; 7 intermediary metabolism and respiration; 8 unknown; 9 regulatory proteins; 10 conserved hypotheticals; 16 conserved hypotheticals with an orthologue in M. bovis. A partial list of significantly changed genes organized into operons, as determined by an operon prediction algorithm, is listed in Table 6.

TABLE 6 A List of Mycobacterial Operons under Positive and Negative Control of Rv0348 No. Gene-ID Operon Name* Putative Function Positive Regulation 1 Rv0167-0177 mce1 Mammalian cell entry operon 2 Rv0684-0685 fusA-tuf Elongation factor 3 Rv0700-0710 rpsJ-rpsQ 30S ribosomal protein S10 4 Rv0718-0723 rpsH-rplO 30S ribosomal protein S10 5 Rv1184c-1185c Rv1184c-1185c Conserved hypothetical protein, acyl- CoA synthase 6 Rv1613-1614 trpA-ltg Tryptophan synthase α chain, prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase 7 Rv2391, 2392 nirA-cysH Probable nitrite reductase/sulphite reductase 8 Rv2948c-Rv2950c fadD22-fadD29 acyl-CoA synthase 9 Rv3148-Rv3154 nuoD-nuoJ NADH dehydrogenase chain D-J 10 Rv3460c** rpsM-J 30S ribosomal protein S13-L36 11 Rv3824c-Rv3825c papA1-pks2 PKS-associated protein, unknown function, polyketide synthase 12 Rv3921c-Rv3924c rnpA, rpmH Unknown membrane protein Negative Regulation 13 Rv0823c-Rv0824c desA1 Transcriptional regulator, ntrB (NifR3/Smm1 family) 14 Rv1622c, Rv1623c cydB, appC Cytochrome d ubiquinol oxidase subunit II 16 Rv2031c** hspX 14 kD antigen, heat shock protein Hsp20 family 17 Rv2629-Rv2630 Rv2629-Rv2630 Hypothetical protein 18 Rv3048c** nrdG Ribonucleoside-diphosphate small subunit 19 Rv3053c** nrdH Glutaredoxin electron transport component of NrdEF 20 Rv3139-Rv3140 fadE24, fadE23 acyl-CoA dehydrogenase *Operon predications are based on earlier analysis. **Single genes of a larger operon or regulon.

Induced genes in the H37Rv transcriptome compared to the Δrv0348 mutant (N=98 genes) are suggested to be under the positive control of the rv0348 while repressed genes (N=65) are suggested to be under its negative control. A representative sample of genes that showed transcriptional changes by DNA microarray analysis was verified by qRT-PCR. In all of the examined genes (N=10), there was an agreement of the transcriptional change (either induction or repression) between DNA microarray and qRT-PCR analyses, as shown in Table 7 and FIG. 24.

TABLE 7 Confirmation of Microarrays Data with Real-Time qRT-PCR qRT-PCR Microarrays qRT-PCR Genes Δrv0348/WT SD Δrv0348/WT PDE Δrv0348::rv0348/WT SD Rv0167 −7.69 0.7 −8.9 1.00 −1.38 0.4 Rv0347 54.19 0.9 4.6 1.00 2.02 0.3 Rv0569 42.99 0.3 6.4 1.00 1.22 1.7 Rv0700 −2.13 0.7 −3.5 1.00 −1.03 0.3 Rv1996 32.60 0.4 12.7 1.00 2.89 0.3 Rv1997 565.48 0.3 3.4 1.00 3.23 0.4 Rv2032 169.29 1.2 3.8 0.99 3.23 0.5 Rv2628 448.82 0.2 15.0 1.00 4.05 0.4 Rv3128 853.16 0.9 0.0 0.00 4.05 0.4 Rv3130c 8.34 0.8 4.4 0.99 −1.61 0.6

FIG. 24 shows fold changes of ten genes utilizing RNA from both mutant Δrv0348 and complemented Δrv0348::rv0348 strains relative to H37Rv wild type strain. Both the Δrv0348 and Δrv0348::rv0348 are represented by black and grey bars, respectively.

Genes involved in survival during stationary and persistent phases (rpoB) of growth as well as those regulating transcription (e.g., rho, rpmE) (TubercuList database) were among genes under positive control of Rv0348. The positively-regulated operons (Table 6) included the mcel operon (rv0167-rv0177), indicating a role for rv0348 in regulating virulence of M. tb. Other genes induced in the presence of rv0348 included a tryptophan biosynthesis gene (trpA), translation apparatus operon (fusA-tuf) and the ribosomal biosynthesis operon (rv0700-rv0723) (Table 6). Several other regulatory genes were also among the Rv0348-regulon including the hupB (encodes a DNA-binding protein) and rho (transcription termination factor). In E. coli, the expression of the tryptophan operon is regulated by inhibition of ribosomal binding sites. It is noteworthy to mention here that functional orthologues to trp operon regulatory genes are induced by rv0348 (e.g., 50S ribosomal operon, rho gene) indicating the ability of Rv0348 to exert its regulatory role(s) through transcriptional inhibition. Further comparative analysis to the starvation-induced transcriptome analyzed before identified a set of eighteen genes that are positively-regulated by Rv0348. FIG. 25(A) shows a Venn diagram representing the number of rv0348-positively regulated genes compared to genes induced under nutrient starvation (Betts et al., 2002, Mol. Microbiol., 43:717-31) and those repressed in the phagosome environment (Schnappinger, D. et al., 2003, J. Exp. Med., 198:693-704). Among the rv0348-positively regulated genes are a group of twenty-nine genes that were repressed during macrophage infection. This profile indicates the ability of M. tb to modulate levels of gene transcripts to survive the macrophage environment using a rv0348-dependent mechanism.

Rv0348-negatively regulated genes included a significant number of phagosome-activated genes (N=33). Among this group is rv3130c which encodes triglyceride synthase (tgs1), a protein that is involved in triglyceride synthesis in M. tb, indicating a role for rv0348 in regulating mycobacterial fatty acid metabolism. A set of the rv0348-negatively regulated genes (N=24) were among the 47 genes responsive to hypoxia (see, FIG. 25(B)) or to the 48 genes responsive to reactive nitrogen intermediates (“RNI”) and gradual adaptation to low levels of oxygen. Additionally, a list of thirty-three genes that were activated during anaerobic growth of M. tb were also found among the rv0348-negatively regulated genes in this study. FIG. 25(B) shows a Venn diagram representing the number of rv0348-negatively regulated genes compared to genes induced under hypoxia (Park, H. D. et al., 2003, Mol. Microbiol., 48:833-43) and anaerobic conditions (Muttucumaru, D. G. N. et al., 2004, Tuberculosis, 84:239-46). Previously, a significant level of overlap existed between the hypoxia and RNI regulons and were shown to be under the two-component regulator, dosR. Transcripts for the dosR regulator did not change in the present analysis, indicating an additional and/or alternative role(s) for the set of twenty-four genes in the pathobiology of M. tb. However, the activation of the acr gene is usually considered a strong indication of the activation of the dosR regulon. The acr gene was previously confirmed to contribute to M. tb survival in macrophages, hence its inclusion under negative control of rv0348 indicates a potential role for rv0348 in down-regulating genes involved in hypoxia, in stages when they are not needed. Finally, hypergeometric distribution analysis of the Rv0348-dependent genes and each of the compared transcriptomes indicated the significant association between the rv0348-induced transcriptome and starvation, phagosome survival, hypoxia and anaerobic conditions (p<0.001), as shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Analysis of Groups Overrepresented in the Transcriptome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as Determined by Hypergeometric Distribution # in rv0348 # in Category Transcriptome Conditions P-value Starvation 16 114 9.0E−06 Low in Phagosome 27 127 3.2E−13 Hypoxia 24 48 0.0E+00 Anaerobic 33 231 6.3E−11

Overall, the presented analyses show the previously undiscovered, yet broad and far reaching potential regulatory roles exerted by the rv0348 in M. tb survival strategies.

3. rv0348 Expression in M. Smegmatis Model of Hypoxia

The study of rv0348 expression under hypoxic conditions in M. smeg::pML21 was performed using the Wayne model of hypoxia in M. tb, which has proven equally useful in studies of M. smegmatis. Briefly, a single colony of M. smeg::pML21 (see, EXAMPLE II section B.3 for construction) harboring the rv0348 operon was grown with shaking at 37° C. to an OD₆₀₀ of 1.0 in Dubos Tween Albumin medium (BD Biosciences) supplemented with kanamycin (30 μg/ml). This culture was used to inoculate 6×30 ml screw-capped tubes containing stir bars to an OD₆₀₀ of 0.1 in Dubos media containing methylene blue (1.5 μg/ml) to serve as an indicator of oxygen levels. Three tubes were used as aerobic controls with loose caps, a head space ratio (“HSR”) of 1.5, and were stirred at 200 rpm. The remaining 3 tubes were used for the anaerobic cultures with tightened, parafilm-sealed caps, an HSR of 0.5, and were stirred at 120 rpm. The color of the tubes was monitored and aerobic/anaerobic tubes were taken for analysis when the methylene blue first showed signs of fading (day 1) and after the anaerobic cultures became completely colorless (day 6 and 7). An aliquot (100 μl) of each sample was plated for colony counts while the rest was used for total RNA extraction and qRT-PCR as described above. The whole experiment was repeated 3 times.

Using the Wayne model of hypoxia in M. tb, transcripts of rv0348 operon were modestly induced under anaerobic conditions indicating the rv0348 operon's involvement in hypoxic responses. Since large number of the dormancy regulon genes were suggested to be controlled by rv0348, it is possible that rv0348 could be involved in mycobacterial hypoxic responses. To test this hypothesis, an in vitro model of hypoxia where the influence of hypoxia and anaerobic conditions on rv0348 operon could be studied in a recombinant strain M. smegmatis (M. smeg::pML21) was developed that was shown to express Rv0348, as shown in FIG. 20(A). FIG. 20 shows the transcriptional regulation of Rv0348-dependent genes in presence or absence of the rv0348 operon. Referring to FIG. 20, the * denotes significant change in a Student's t-Test (p<0.001). FIG. 20(A) shows a Western blot analysis of the recombinant strain of M. smegmatis mc²155 expressing Rv0348 protein. FIG. 20(B) shows the survival curve of M. smeg::pML21 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (left scale) and fold change in rv0348 transcripts as measured by qRT-PCR (right scale).

Construction of LacZ vectors and β-galactosidase assays were performed as follows. The DNA fragment corresponding to the putative promoter regions of rv3130c, rv0167, rv0700, rv0347 and hsp60 genes were cloned by PCR using gene-specific primers (Table 5). The different promoters were cloned into pML24 shuttle vector (a derivative of pCV77 vector where a hygromycin cassette was cloned into a SpeI site). M. smegmatis was first electroporated by pML21 and positive clones were selected and verified by PCR and Western blot to ensure the expression of Rv0348 protein. Recombinant M. smegmatis were electroporated with a different shuttle vector (pML24 derivative) and incubated on selective LB plates supplemented with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal). All recombinant M. smegmatis developed blue color on plates except the negative control (pML24). Assessment of β-galactosidase activity in different constructs was performed in sonicated extracts of M. smegmatis strains using a β-galactosidase assay kit (Stratagene, Cedar Creek, Tex.) according to the manufacturer protocol. Experiments were carried out in triplicate and repeated twice from independent cultures with different amounts of soluble fraction proteins. β-galactosidase was expressed as Miller units/mg of soluble lysate. FIG. 26(C) shows Lac-Z repression for constructs for rv3130c promoter. FIG. 26(D) shows Lac-Z repression for constructs for rv0347. FIG. 26(E) shows Lac-Z repression for constructs of rv0700. FIG. 26(F) shows Lac-Z induction for constructs of rv0167.

BLAST analysis indicated that the rv0348 operon is absent from the genome of M. smegmatis, allowing for the expression of Rv0348 and assessment of its function(s) in the rapidly growing M. smegmatis. Using a modified version of the Wayne model of hypoxia, it was found that aerobic cultures of M. smeg::pML21 grew to a higher density than the anaerobic cultures, as expected (see, FIG. 26(B)). Interestingly, transcripts of rv0348 were significantly up-regulated in the cultures grown under hypoxic conditions (at day 1) with a more profound induction when cultures reach anaerobic phase by day 6 of incubation. This dramatic increase in rv0348 transcripts strongly supports the hypothesis that rv0348 participates in M. tb response to anaerobic stress, in addition to its role in M. tb survival during infection. Currently, experiments are underway to examine the survival of H37RvΔrv0348 mutant under anaerobic environment.

4. Rv0348 Binding to New Promoter Regions

It has been shown that rv0348 encodes a transcriptional regulator that binds to its own promoter. Electrophoresis mobility shift assay (“EMSA”) assays were performed using the predicted regulatory sequences of ten genes that changed their transcriptional profile based on presence/absence of intact rv0348 gene to examine the ability of Rv0348 to regulate other genes. For EMSA assays, the Rv0348 protein was purified as detailed in Talaat et al., 2007, J. Bacteriol. 189:4265-4274. Probes were generated using standard PCR amplification protocols and primers designed by Primer3 v. 0.4.0 by providing the upstream probable regulatory sequences of selected genes. Potential promoter regions of several selected genes were amplified by PCR and end-labelled by radioactive P32. The different probes were allowed to bind to recombinant MBP-Rv0348 and subsequently run on 4% native polyacrylamide gel. The gel was then dried and exposed to Kodak film. As shown in FIG. 27, the presence of Rv0348 did not impact the migration pattern of DNA fragments representing any of the ten putative promoters indicating an indirect regulatory function for Rv0348. Only when the positive control was used (upstream region of the rv0348 operon), a retardation of the DNA migration was noticeable. It is possible that other regulatory elements are needed to amplify the regulatory role(s) of rv0348.

5. Rv0348 Regulatory Functions

Because of the lack of a direct binding of Rv0348 to any of the examined genes with differential gene expression profile, the LacZ reporter gene was employed to examine the regulatory role of Rv0348. For this purpose, the generated M. smeg::rv0348 (M. smeg::pML21) construct was used to examine the transcriptional regulation of a selected list of genes that belong to rv0348-regulon. A verified clone of the M. smeg::rv0348 was electroporated with derivatives of the pML24 plasmid, listed in Table 4, where the putative promoter regions of several genes were cloned upstream of a promoterless reporter gene (lacZ).

Screening of transformants showed that all constructs formed blue colonies on plates supplemented with X-Gal except when a promoterless Lac-Z vector was used for transformation (see FIG. 28). Nonetheless, quantitative analysis of β-galactosidase activity of each construct in the presence/absence of the rv0348 operon showed significant differences among constructs depending on presence of the rv0348 operon.

In all examined promoters, a significant change in the expression level of LacZ was found between constructs where the rv0348 operon was present compared to those without. Both the repression of rv0347 (promoter for rv0348) and rv3130c promoters and the induction of rv0167 (promoter for mcel) were in agreement with the negative and positive regulation by Rv0348, respectively, as indicated by DNA microarrays. However, in the case of rv0700 (promoter for ribosomal protein operon), the LacZ assay indicated its repression despite evidence that it is under positive control of Rv0348, indicating the presence of other regulatory mechanisms, besides rv0348, that control rv0700 in M. smegmatis. Interestingly, the LacZ reporter technology was able to show differential regulation for mcel, rv3130c and rv0700 genes in M. smegmatis expressing Rv0348, despite the inability of Rv0348 to bind to their putative promoter regions indicating an alternative strategy for gene regulation exerted by Rv0348.

To further confirm the regulatory role of rv0348, qRT-PCR was employed to estimate the transcript levels of regulated genes in the complemented strain, H37Rvdrv0348::rv0348, compared to the mutant strain H37RvΔrv0348 (see FIG. 24). Such analysis was intended to test the ability of rv0348 expression in trans to maintain the functional role(s) played by rv0348 and provide an additional confirmation of the regulatory role of Rv0348. In all examined genes, the induction/repression levels of transcripts in the Δrv0348 were consistent with DNA microarray analysis. However, transcripts in the complemented strain for the ten examined genes were restored to the wild type level (±1) confirming the regulatory role for the rv0348 gene and the success of the complementation for in vitro cultures. Overall, both the reporter assay and quantitative PCR analysis supported a regulatory role for the Rv0348 as a transcriptional factor.

It has been shown that rv0348 encodes a transcriptional regulator with both inducer and repressor activities that are used to regulate key mycobacterial responses to stressors such as starvation and low oxygen tensions. Based on the presented analyses, a model was generated that delineates possible pathways that can be utilized by Rv0348 to explain its role in establishing chronic tuberculosis. Though not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, in this model, as depicted in Scheme 1 (a diagram depicting several scenarios in which rv0348 can play a role in M. tb survival strategies), Rv0348 can bind to its own promoter in order to maintain a low level of expression especially during log phase culture or under in vitro growth, in general. During certain stressors (e.g., high O⁻ level), the expression of Rv0348 will be even lower (see FIG. 26(B)) which will relieve its repression of other genes such as hypoxia- and phagosome-responsive genes.

During other stressors (e.g., high temp or in vivo growth), the rv0348 is induced (see FIG. 22), most likely through the activity of other transcriptional regulators (e.g. SigC) which share a transcriptional binding sites upstream of rv0348 operon. Such binding could prevent the binding of Rv0348 to its promoter, and hence, its own expression will be induced which in turn could activate genes involved in starvation and invasion among the rv0348-regulon (see, FIG. 25(A)). Under all of these scenarios (relieve of hypoxia gene repression or induction of starvation genes), the general outcome of the induction of the rv0348-regulon is the fitness of M. tb to persist under variable host microenvironments.

Example III rv0990c Knockout Mutant

A. Overview

The rv0990c gene is the central gene of an operon of three genes (rv0989c-0991c) located in the iVEGI (see FIG. 1). Bioinformatics analysis suggested that rv0990c could be a DNA-binding protein. To investigate the role of rv0990c in the regulatory pathways and pathogenesis of M. tb, the coding sequence of rv0990c was deleted using a phage-mediated delivery technique. The animal data obtained (e.g., cfu count, histopathology, and survival curves) following aerosol infection confirmed the attenuation phenotype of Δrv0990c.

B. Construction of Δrv0990c Knockout Mutant

A knockout mutant of rv0990c, Δrv0990c, was prepared using the virulent M. tb strain H37Rv. The rv0990c gene is 657 base pairs. 490 base pairs of the coding sequence of rv0990c (from 70-560) were deleted from the genome of M. tb and replaced by the hygromycin cassette using the same phage delivery technique employed to disrupt the rv0348 gene and generate the knockout mutant. Briefly, ˜800 basepair fragments of both the upstream and downstream portion of the rv0990c gene were amplified by PCR and cloned into the pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega, Madison, Wis.). The fragments were then digested at the flanking restriction enzyme sites and ligated into pYUB854. The restriction sites used were SpeI/HindIII and XbaI/KpnI for left flank and right flank respectively.

As described for the rv0348 knockout, the pYUB845 construct was used to form specialized transduction mycobateriophages. Transduction protocols were performed as described in Bardarov et. al., 2002, Microbiol., 148:3007-3017. Following 6 weeks of incubation at 37° C., hygromycin-resistant colonies were selected for further analysis.

Confirmation of the mutant genotype was performed as described previously for the ctpV and the rv0348 knockouts, using PCR and Southern blot analyses. (See also, Talaat, et al., 2000, Am. J. Vet. Res. 61:125-128 and Wu et al., 2007, J. Bacteriol. 189:7877-7886). Primers used to generate and test this mutant are shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Gene-Specific Primers for Construction of Δrv0990c Mutant Primer Sequence Purpose AMT533 ATCACTACTAGTGATAGCGTAGCGGAGTCACC Rv0990c flank cloning AMT534 ATCACTAAGCTTAGTGACCGGGTCGTTTTGGT Rv0990c flank cloning AMT535 ATCACTTCTAGAGGTCCAGTCCGGGCGCAAAA Rv0990c flank cloning AMT536 ATCACTGGTACCGAACCTTGGCTGCCGGAAGC Rv0990c flank cloning AMT926 TGGTGGACCTCGACGACCTGCAGG Rv0990c mutant screening AMT899 GTGGACAGCTTGGCCAAGGTCGGC Rv0990c mutant screening AMT900 GCACGCTGGGGACTGCTCGAAC Rv0990c mutant screening AMT885 GGAACTGGCGCAGTTCCTCTGGGG Rv0990c mutant screening

C. Construction of the rv0990c Complement

One of rv0990c mutants was electroporated with a copy of rv0990c gene cloned under the control of hsp60 promoter in pMV361. The transformants were verified by PCR for the construct stability M. tb. One of the complemented strains was used to infect a group of BALB/c mice to confirm the observed attenuation phenotype of the mutant.

Example IV rv0971c Knockout Mutant

A. Overview

The rv0971c gene is the last gene of an operon of six genes located in to the iVEGI of M. tb. (See FIG. 1). Although, the exact function of rv0971c is largely unknown, it was annotated as a crotonase in the Tuberculist, and the operon is believed to play a crucial role in lipid metabolism (biosynthesis and degradation). The unique location of the operon in the M. tb pathogenicity island suggested a role in mycobacterial virulence. Attempts to delete the whole operon from the genome of Mtb were unsuccessful. Instead, the rv0971c gene was deleted and virulence of the mutant was studied in an animal model.

B. Construction of the rv0971c Knockout Mutant

The rv0971c gene is 810 base pairs. 674 base pairs of the coding sequence of rv0971c (66-740) were deleted and replaced by a hygromycin cassette using the same phage delivery technique described above for the rv0990v knockout. The mutants were verified by PCR and Southern blot techniques. The restriction sites were SpeI/HindIII and XbaI/KpnI for left and right arm respectively. Primers used to generate and test this mutant are in Table 10:

TABLE 10 Gene-Specific Primers for Construction of Δrv0971c Mutant Primer Sequence Purpose AMT563 ATCACTACTAGTCAACTCACTGCGGTTACGCC Rv0971c flank cloning AMT564 ATCACTAAGCTTATGCTGGCCTTCCTGCAGAA Rv0971c flank cloning AMT565 ATCACTTCTAGAGCGGTTGTGCGGAGAGTTCA Rv0971c flank cloning AMT566 ATCACTGGTACCGACTGGATCATCAAGGGCCA Rv0971c flank cloning AMT885 GGAACTGGCGCAGTTCCTCTGGGG Rv0971c mutant screening AMT897 GTTCTCCTCGGTCAGCGTGGTGAC Rv0971c mutant screening AMT926 TGGTGGACCTCGACGACCTGCAGG Rv0971c mutant screening AMT898 AAGATCACCACCACCGCGCGTC Rv0971c mutant screening

C. Construction of the rv0971c Complement

One of the verified mutants was electroporated with a functional copy of rv0971c under hsp60 promotor control, in the integrative shuttle vector pMV361. The complementation study is in progress.

Example V Evaluation of Wild-Type M. tb Strain H37Rv and M. tb Knockout Mutants

BALB/c mice can be infected with an M. tb knockout mutant (e.g., Δrv0990c and/or Δrv0971c) or corresponding wild-type M. tb using a low-dose aerosolization protocol. Bacterial survival and mouse lung pathology can be measured at short-term as well as long-term time points via the homogenization and plating of infected lung tissue as well as organ histology. Additionally, mice infected with the M. tb strains can be monitored over the long-term course of the infection and the survival of the infected mice can be recorded.

Briefly, BALB/c mice (Harlan, Indianapolis, Ind.) can be infected in a Glas-Col chamber (Glas-Col, LLC, Terra Haute, Ind.) loaded with 10 mL of an M. tb knockout mutant such as Δrv0990c and/or Δrv 0971c,or the corresponding wildt-type M. tb strain at OD 0.30. Infectious dose of approximately 300 CFU/animal can be confirmed via a 1-day time point. CFUs can be determined at different time points (e.g., 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 38 weeks, etc.) by homogenizing lung tissue in PBS buffer and plating on Middlebrook 7H10+10% ADC, followed by incubation at 37° C. for one month. Final CFUs can be normalized to the weight of the lung tissue used. Sections of lung, liver, and spleen tissue can be taken and incubated in formalin prior to sectioning and staining with H&E and AFS. Histopathology slides can be examined and scored by a pathologist not associated with the study.

Example VI Δ0990c Infected Mice

Three groups of mice were infected with A0990c M. tb knockout mutant as describe above in Example V. The progression of the disease was monitored in the three groups of infected mice by cfu count and survival curves. As shown in FIG. 29, a decrease in CFUs of a Δrv0990c knockout mutant (derived from M. tb strain H37RV) relative to the corresponding WT H37Rv strain was observed at both short-term and long-term time points. Referring to FIG. 29, the bacterial load of mice after infection with either wild-type (H37Rv) or its isogenic mutant Δrv0990c was determined at 2, 4, 8, 30 and 38 weeks.

Mice infected with Δrv0990c lived longer than mice infected with the wild-type H37Rv strain, resulting in an increase in time to death, as shown in FIG. 30. Referring to FIG. 30, the survival of mouse groups after infection with WT or Δrv0990c is shown.

Example VII Δ0971c Infected Mice

Two groups of mice were infected with wild-type and Δrv0971c with aerosol challenge as described above in Example V, and the cfu count and survival were monitored in the two groups. As shown in FIG. 29, a decrease in lung CFUs of a Δrv0971c knockout mutant (derived from M. tb strain H37Rv) relative to the corresponding H37Rv WT strain was observed at both short-term and long-term time points. Referring to FIG. 29, the bacterial load infection with either wild type (H37Rv) or its isogenic mutant Δrv0971c was determined at 2, 4, 8, 30 and 38 weeks.

Mice infected with Δrv0971c lived longer than mice infected with WT, as shown in FIG. 30. Referring to FIG. 30, the survival of mouse groups after infection with WT or Δrv0971c is shown.

Example VIII Knockout Mutants Used to Generate an Immune Response in Mammals and as Vaccines

Live attenuated mutants can be used as vaccines candidates against tuberculosis. Additionally, genetic vaccines based on the targeted genes can be used to develop a genetic immunization protocol that can elicit protection against tuberculosis.

In a typical immunization experiment, hosts (e.g. mice or non-human primates) will be immunized with the attenuated mutants. At 4 weeks post infection, sera or organ tissues can be collected from inoculated animals to evaluate the generated immune responses. Both humoral and cellular-based assays can be used to evaluate the host responses to immunization.

Although humoral and cellular assays can estimate the level of immunity generated following vaccination, it will not provide estimate of the level of protection offered by each vaccine construct. To estimate the protective power of vaccine candidates, immunized animals can be challenged by aerosolization of the virulent strain of M. tuberculosis. The readout of such assays includes animal survival curves, the level of organ colonization with the virulent strain of M. tuberculosis as well as immunological and histopathological responses elicited by challenge.

A. Vaccination and challenge of guinea pigs: Female Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs (350-450 g) free of infection can be used. Four groups of ten guinea pigs can be immunized with 75 μl of a 5×10⁴ CFU live knockout mutant formulation subcutaneously in the nape of the neck. Group I can be be immunized with the ΔctpV mutant; Group II can be be immunized with the Δrv0348 mutant; Group III can be immunized with the Δrv0990c mutant, and Group IV can be immunized with the Δrv0971c mutant. A control groups of 10 guinea pigs can be vaccinated with a 5×10⁴ CFU live BCG Pasteur formulation, and a control group of 10 guinea pigs can be injected with saline. Five weeks after vaccination, all but two guinea pigs (the controls) from each group can be challenged aerogenically with a live suspension of M. tb strain H37Rv to achieve an inhaled retained dose in the lungs of approximately 300 organisms.

B. Vaccination and challenge of guinea pigs: Female Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs (350-450 g) free of infection can be used. Four groups of ten guinea pigs can be immunized with 75 μl of a 5×10⁴ CFU live knockout mutant formulation subcutaneously in the nape of the neck. Group I can be immunized with the ΔctpV mutant; Group II can be immunized with the Δrv0348 mutant; Group III can be immunized with the Δrv0990c mutant, and Group IV can be immunized with the Δrv0971c mutant. A control groups of 10 guinea pigs can be vaccinated with a 5×10⁴ CFU live BCG Pasteur formulation, and a control group of 10 guinea pigs can be injected with saline. Five weeks after vaccination, the guinea pigs can vaccinated as described above, but with 50% of the CFUs. Five weeks after the second vaccination, all but two guinea pigs (the controls) from each group can be challenged aerogenically with a live suspension of M. tb strain H37Rv to achieve an inhaled retained dose in the lungs of approximately 300 organisms.

C. Testing for an immune response in vaccinated guinea pigs: Prior to exposure to the infectious M. tb strain H37Rv., a blood sample can be taken from each of the guinea pigs, including vaccinated and saline-injected, and the presence or absence of antibodies directed to M. tb can be determined by methods known in the art.

D. Post mortem examination of guinea pigs: Guinea pigs can be sacrificed according to institutional protocol after 20 weeks. Tissues of interest (e.g., lung, spleen, etc.) can be harvested immediately after death and analyzed for M. tb colonization.

E. Bacterial enumeration: CFUs can be determined by homogenizing lung tissue in PBS buffer and plating on Middlebrook 7H10+10% ADC, followed by incubation at 37° C. for one month. Final CFUs can be normalized to the weight of the lung tissue used. Sections of lung, liver, and spleen tissue can be taken and incubated in formalin prior to sectioning and staining with H&E and AFS. Histopathology slides can be examined and scored by a pathologist not associated with the study.

F. Results: Guinea pigs from Groups I-IV and control guinea pigs vaccinated with BCG Pasteur formulation are expected to have developed antibodies directed to M. tb. Additionally, guinea pigs from these groups are expected to live longer and have fewer CFUs in organs and tissues tested, post infection, as compared to guinea pigs injected with saline. Additionally, further challenges of vaccinated guinea pigs with infectious M. tb strains is expected to result in less sever symptoms. For example, re-challenged guinea pigs are expected to exhibit an increased post-infection life span and fewer CFUs in lung, liver and spleen than non-vaccinated guinea pigs. Similar results are expected with the “boosted” guinea pigs described in section VIII.B.

In contrast, no or very low titer antibodies directed to M. tb are expected in the saline-injected guinea pigs. Moreover, subjects in this test group are expected to die due to the M. tb infection at about 38 weeks post infection.

Example IX ΔctpV Infected Mice

Three groups of mice were infected with ΔctpV M. tb knockout mutant as described above in Example V. BALB/c mice (Harlan Laboratories, Inc., Indianapolis, Ind., USA) were infected in a Glas-Col chamber (Glas-Col, LLC, Terra Haute, Ind., USA) loaded with 10 ml of either ΔctpV or wildtype bacteria at OD₆₀₀ 0.30. Infectious dose of approximately 300 CFU/animal was confirmed via a 1-day timepoint. CFUs were determined by homogenizing lung tissue in PBS buffer and plating on Middlebrook 7H10+10% ADC, followed by incubation at 37° C. for one month. For the survival curve, animals were monitored daily by animal care staff not associated with the study. As specified in our animal protocol, mice were sacrificed after being identified by our animal care staff as morbidly ill, using criteria such as haunched posture, extreme weight loss, and slow or pained movements. Sections of lung, liver, and spleen tissue were taken and incubated in formalin prior to sectioning and staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and acid-fast staining (AFS). Histopathology slides were examined and scored by a pathologist not associated with the study. For immunohistochemistry, the primary antibody, rabbit anti-interferon gamma (Invitrogen), was diluted 1:1000 in Van Gogh Yellow antibody diluent (Biocare Medical, Concord, Calif., USA) and incubated for one hour. Negative control slides received only diluent in lieu of antibody. Primary antibody was detected using biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (Biocare Medical) and Streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase (Biocare Medical). Staining was visualized with DAB+(diaminobenzidine) (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) and counterstained with CAT hematoxylin (Biocare Medical) mixed 1:1 with distilled water.

The ctpV gene is part of a 29-gene genomic island previously shown to be preferentially induced in mice relative to in vitro culture (termed the in vivo expressed genomic island, iVEGI). This suggested that ctpV might play a role specific to the in vivo lifestyle of Mtb. In addition, experiments showed that CtpV is a copper exporter, and data suggest that copper homeostasis in bacteria may play a role in pathogenesis, although this had never been tested in Mtb. To investigate this hypothesis, groups of BALB/c mice (n=30-40) were infected with H37Rv, ΔctpV, or ΔctpV::ctpV using a low-dose aerosolization protocol. Bacterial colony counts from mouse lung tissue over the course of the infection revealed that, overall, bacterial survival between the three strains over the course of infection was similar, and differences in colonization levels did not reach statistical significance at any time point (FIG. 37).

FIG. 37 shows bacterial colonization of mouse lungs after aerosol infection with either wild-type H37Rv, its isogenic mutant ΔctpV, or the complemented strain ΔctpV::ctpV. CFUs were determined via homogenization of lungs from infected mice (N=3-5 per time point) in PBS and plating on 7H10+ADC, with hygromycin added in the case of the mutant and complemented strain. CFUs were normalized to grams of lung tissue homogenized. Colonization levels between the three strains did not display a statistically significant difference over the course of the infection. The experiment was performed twice, with a representative experiment shown.

Survival of mouse groups after aerosol infection with H37Rv, ΔctpV, or ΔctpV::ctpV is shown in FIG. 38. Survival is displayed as the time from infection (week 0) until the time declared morbid by animal care staff. Morbid mice were subsequently euthanized, with tuberculosis determined as the cause of illness via necropsy. A log-rank statistical test was used to analyze survival of mice groups. Survival of mice infected with H37Rv was significantly different from those infection wth ΔctpV (p-value=0.002), and those infected with survival was ΔctpV::ctpV strain (p-value=0.02). Experiment was performed once with 10 mice/group.

In contrast to the similarity in bacterial load of the mice infected with H37Rv, ΔctpV, and ΔctpV::ctpV, the mice infected with ΔctpV lived significantly longer than mice infected with wild type, with 16-week increase in time to death of mice infected with ΔctpV versus mice infected with H37Rv (FIG. 38 shows survival curves of three mice groups infected with H37Rv wild-type strain, ΔctpV strain, and ΔctpV::ctpV strain). In fact, the median survival time for mice infected with H37Rv was 31 weeks, versus 47 weeks for mice infected with ΔctpV and 42 weeks for mice infected with ΔctpV::ctpV. As determined by a log-rank statistical test (Ref), survival was significantly different between the H37Rv and ΔctpV infection (p-value=0.002), and survival was also significantly different between the H37Rv and ΔctpV::ctpV infection (p-value=0.02).

FIG. 39 shows histological (A) and immunohistochemisty (B) analysis of lung sections of mice lungs at 8 or 38 weeks post infection with wild-type (“WT”) M. tb and ΔctpV and ΔctpV::ctpV. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained mouse lung tissue (40× magnification) throughout the infection show increased lung damage of the mice infected with H37Rv and ΔctpV::ctpV relative to mice infected with ΔctpV. FIG. 39A shows representative images at 8 and 38 weeks post-infection. Inset images (1000× magnification) show the Mtb bacilli (arrow heads) which were visible in lung tissue starting from 8 weeks forward. Immunohistochemisty of infected lung tissue at variable times of infection is shown in FIG. 39B. Lung tissue was sectioned and stained with antibody for mouse IFN-γ, which appears brown in the images (40× magnification). Inset images show 200× magnification of lesions displaying IFN-γ expression.

Despite carrying similar levels of bacteria throughout the infection, histology staining of the infected mouse tissue revealed consistently lower levels of tissue damage in mice infected with ΔctpV versus the wild-type and complemented strains. For example, at 8 weeks post-infection, lung tissue from mice infected with ΔctpV displayed granulomatous inflammation, whereas mice infected with H37Rv displayed massive granulomatous inflammation with more lymphocytic infiltration (FIG. 39A). By 38 weeks post-infection, granulomas became more developed (presence of giant cells) and occupied almost the whole lungs of mice infected with H37Rv, compared to only 50% of tissues of mice infected with the ΔctpV mutant. Lesions observed in the complemented strain were very similar to those observed in mice infected with H37Rv strain. Overall, animal survival and histopathological data indicated the attenuation of the ΔctpV mutant compared to other tested strains.

Lung pathology in tuberculosis is thought to be caused mainly by the host immune response. In order to investigate a possible mechanism for the decreased lung pathology and increased survival time of mice infected with ΔctpV relative to H37Rv and ΔctpV::ctpV, the lung sections were stained with an antibody against mouse interferon-γ, a key cytokine known to be highly expressed during tuberculosis infection. As expected, no indication of IFN-γ expression was seen at 2 weeks post infection, prior to the start of the adaptive immune response (data not shown). However, by 8 weeks post infection, mice infected with H37Rv show significant IFN-γ expression, localized in areas of lung tissue damage, yet mice infected with ΔctpV showed only small amounts of IFN-γ expression (FIG. 39B). Mice infected with ΔctpV::ctpV showed an intermediate level of IFN-γ expression. Interestingly, even at the 38 week time point where mice infected with ΔctpV display large amounts of tissue damage, there was still little expression of IFN-γ relative to mice infected with H37Rv.

TABLE 11 Foldchange Functional No. Gene_ID Product Function_Class (Mutant/WT) GG_PDE category Positive Regulation 1 Rv0006 gyrA DNA gyrase subunit A −2.5 0.92 2 2 Rv0007 conserved hypothetical −2.0 0.49 3 protein 3 Rv0058 dnaB DNA helicase (contains −2.4 0.88 2 intein) 4 Rv0108c hypothetical protein −2.4 0.87 16.6 5 Rv0145 conserved hypothetical −2.7 0.97 10.5 protein 6 Rv0166 fadD5 acyl-CoA synthase −4.2 1.00 1 7 Rv0167 yrbE1A part of mce1 operon −8.9 1.00 0 8 Rv0168 yrbE1B part of mce1 operon −2.0 0.50 0 9 Rv0169 mce1 part of mce1 operon, cell −5.1 1.00 0 invasion protein 10 Rv0170 mce1B part of mce1 operon −7.2 1.00 0 11 Rv0171 mce1C part of mce1 operon −13.3 1.00 0 12 Rv0172 mce1D part of mce1 operon −5.0 1.00 0 13 Rv0173 lprK part of mce1 operon −3.0 0.99 0 14 Rv0174 mce1F part of mce1 operon −5.0 1.00 0 15 Rv0175 conserved hypothetical −2.0 0.55 3 protein (mce1) 16 Rv0176 conserved hypothetical −2.2 0.69 3 protein (mce1) 17 Rv0177 conserved hypothetical −4.0 1.00 10.5 protein (mce1) 18 Rv0249c probable membrane anchor −2.2 0.71 7 protein 19 Rv0364 conserved hypothetical −2.2 0.74 3 protein 20 Rv0430 hypothetical protein −3.7 1.00 10.5 21 Rv0469 umaA1 unknown mycolic acid −2.3 0.52 1 methyltransferase 22 Rv0635 conserved hypothetical −3.1 0.99 10.5 protein 23 Rv0636 hypothetical protein −2.6 0.85 7 24 Rv0637 conserved hypothetical −2.2 0.69 10.5 protein 25 Rv0642c mmaA4 methoxymycolic acid −2.1 0.41 1 synthase 4 26 Rv0667 rpoB [beta] subunit of RNA −2.4 0.91 2 polymerase 27 Rv0684 fusA elongation factor G −2.7 0.98 2 28 Rv0685 tuf elongation factor EF-Tu −3.7 1.00 2 29 Rv0700 rpsJ 30S ribosomal protein S10 −3.5 1.00 2 30 Rv0701 rplC 50S ribosomal protein L3 −4.7 1.00 2 31 Rv0703 rplW 50S ribosomal protein L23 −4.1 1.00 2 32 Rv0704 rplB 50S ribosomal protein L2 −10.1 1.00 2 33 Rv0705 rpsS 30S ribosomal protein S19 −9.5 1.00 2 34 Rv0708 rplP 50S ribosomal protein L16 −2.4 0.66 2 35 Rv0709 rpmC 50S ribosomal protein L29 −4.2 1.00 2 36 Rv0710 rpsQ 30S ribosomal protein S17 −6.2 1.00 2 37 Rv0718 rpsH 30S ribosomal protein S8 −3.0 0.99 2 38 Rv0719 rplF 50S ribosomal protein L6 −5.0 1.00 2 39 Rv0721 rpsE 30S ribosomal protein S5 −2.4 0.91 2 40 Rv0723 rplO 50S ribosomal protein L15 −2.1 0.58 2 41 Rv0988 conserved hypothetical −2.1 0.65 3 protein 42 Rv1182 papA3 PKS-associated protein, −5.3 1.00 1 unknown function 43 Rv1183 mmpL10 conserved large membrane −2.6 0.96 3 protein 44 Rv1184c conserved hypothetical −3.4 1.00 3 protein 45 Rv1185c fadD21 acyl-CoA synthase −2.1 0.49 1 46 Rv1198 conserved hypothetical −2.0 0.03 3 protein 47 Rv1297 rho transcription termination −2.4 0.82 2 factor rho 48 Rv1298 rpmE 50S ribosomal protein L31 −2.0 0.33 2 49 Rv1535 hypothetical protein −2.1 0.58 16.6 50 Rv1613 trpA tryptophan synthase [alpha] −2.5 0.92 7 chain 51 Rv1614 lgt prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl −4.6 1.00 3 transferase 52 Rv1643 rplT 50S ribosomal protein L20 −2.5 0.93 2 53 Rv1794 conserved hypothetical −2.0 0.46 10.5 protein 54 Rv1810 conserved hypothetical −4.4 1.00 10.5 protein 55 Rv1826 gcvH glycine cleavage system H −2.5 0.92 7 protein 56 Rv1883c conserved hypothetical −2.4 0.70 10.5 protein 57 Rv1886c fbpB antigen 85B, −2.3 0.80 1 mycolyltransferase 58 Rv2067c conserved hypothetical −2.1 0.60 10.5 protein 59 Rv2080 lppJ lipoprotein −2.7 0.98 3 60 Rv2147c hypothetical protein −2.2 0.22 10.5 61 Rv2190c putative p60 homologue −3.1 1.00 0 62 Rv2391 nirA probable nitrite −3.5 1.00 7 reductase/sulphite reductase 63 Rv2392 cysH 3′-phosphoadenylylsulfate −3.5 1.00 7 (PAPS) reductase 64 Rv2441c rpmA 50S ribosomal protein L27 −2.2 0.65 2 65 Rv2840c conserved hypothetical −2.3 0.72 10.5 protein 66 Rv2928 tesA thioesterase −2.0 0.53 1 67 Rv2948c fadD22 acyl-CoA synthase −2.8 0.98 1 68 Rv2949c hypothetical protein −16.1 1.00 10.5 69 Rv2950c fadD29 acyl-CoA synthase −3.2 1.00 1 70 Rv2959c some similarity to −2.2 0.67 7 methyltransferases 71 Rv2986c hupB DNA-binding protein II −2.4 0.89 2 72 Rv3135 PPE50 PPE-family protein −2.0 0.55 6 73 Rv3148 nuoD NADH dehydrogenase −2.4 0.87 7 chain D 74 Rv3152 nuoH NADH dehydrogenase −2.2 0.64 7 chain H 75 Rv3153 nuoI NADH dehydrogenase −3.6 1.00 7 chain I 76 Rv3154 nuoJ NADH dehydrogenase −2.5 0.88 7 chain J 77 Rv3377c similar to many cyclases −2.2 0.73 7 involved in steroid biosynthesis 78 Rv3456c rplQ 50S ribosomal protein L17 −3.3 1.00 2 79 Rv3457c rpoA [alpha] subunit of RNA −2.1 0.59 2 polymerase 80 Rv3460c rpsM 30S ribosomal protein S13 −2.7 0.96 2 81 Rv3461c rpmJ 50S ribosomal protein L36 −2.5 0.78 2 82 Rv3477 PE31 PE-family protein −4.8 1.00 6 83 Rv3478 PPE60 PPE-family protein −4.1 1.00 6 84 Rv3487c lipF probable esterase −4.4 1.00 7 85 Rv3600c conserved hypothetical −2.1 0.63 10.5 protein 86 Rv3680 probable anion transporter −2.3 0.80 3 87 Rv3686c conserved hypothetical −3.2 1.00 10.5 protein 88 Rv3763 lpqH 19 KD lipoprotein antigen −3.2 0.99 3 precursor 89 Rv3783 rfbD integral −2.5 0.94 3 membranememebrane protein, ABC-2 SUBFAMILY 90 Rv3806c possible integral membrane −2.1 0.62 3 protein 91 Rv3822 conserved hypothetical −2.6 0.97 10.5 protein 92 Rv3823c mmpL8 conserved large membrane −4.0 1.00 3 protein 93 Rv3824c papA1 PKS-associated protein, −3.7 1.00 1 unknown function 94 Rv3825c pks2 polyketide synthase −2.2 0.70 1 95 Rv3921c unknown membrane −4.5 1.00 3 protein 96 Rv3922c possible hemolysin −4.7 1.00 0 97 Rv3923c rnpA ribonuclease P protein −2.4 0.88 2 component 98 Rv3924c rpmH 50S ribosomal protein L34 −3.0 0.99 2 Negative Regulation 99 Rv0079 hypothetical protein 3.7 1.00 16.6 100 Rv0129c fbpC2 antigen 85C, 2.7 0.53 1 mycolytransferase 101 Rv0188 putative methyltransferase 6.4 1.00 3 102 Rv0211 pckA phosphoenolpyruvate 3.8 1.00 7 carboxykinase 103 Rv0233 nrdB ribonucleoside-diphosphate 3.0 0.97 2 reductase B2 104 Rv0276 conserved hypothetical 2.2 0.51 10.5 protein 105 Rv0341 conserved hypothetical 5.6 1.00 3 protein 106 Rv0347 conserved hypothetical 4.6 1.00 3 protein 107 Rv0569 conserved hypothetical 6.4 1.00 10.5 protein 108 Rv0570 nrdZ ribonucleotide reductase, 2.7 0.67 2 class II 109 Rv0572c hypothetical protein 2.1 0.01 16.6 110 Rv0677c mmpS5 conserved small membrane 2.1 0.25 3 protein 111 Rv0805 conserved hypothetical 2.8 0.92 10.5 protein 112 Rv0823c ntrB transcriptional regulator, 2.6 0.53 9 ntrB (NifR3/Smm1 family) 113 Rv0824c desA1 acyl-[ACP] desaturase 2.7 0.17 1 114 Rv0885 unknown transmembrane 3.0 0.98 10 protein 115 Rv0967 conserved hypothetical 2.2 0.43 10.5 protein 116 Rv0968 conserved hypothetical 2.0 0.27 10.5 protein 117 Rv1303 conserved hypothetical 2.3 0.45 3 protein 118 Rv1304 atpB ATP synthase a chain 2.4 0.64 7 119 Rv1332 putative transcriptional 2.0 0.18 9 regulator 120 Rv1461 conserved hypothetical 2.1 0.10 10.5 protein 121 Rv1577c phiRV1 possible prohead 2.4 0.65 5 protease 122 Rv1622c cydB cytochrome d ubiquinol 12.1 1.00 7 oxidase subunit II 123 Rv1623c appC cytochrome bd-II oxidase 7.5 1.00 7 subunit I 124 Rv1733c possible membrane protein 2.8 0.77 3 125 Rv1737c narK2 nitrite extrusion protein 2.2 0.12 3 126 Rv1738 conserved hypothetical 2.9 0.17 10.5 protein 127 Rv1813c conserved hypothetical 9.6 1.00 10.5 protein 128 Rv1846c putative transcriptional 2.4 0.70 9 regulator 129 Rv1894c some similarity to 2.2 0.44 10.5 dioxygenases 130 Rv1955 hypothetical protein 2.5 0.79 16.6 131 Rv1996 conserved hypothetical 12.7 1.00 10.5 protein 132 Rv1997 ctpF probable cation transport 3.4 1.00 3 ATPase 133 Rv2031c hspX 14 kD antigen, heat shock 2.5 0.04 2 protein Hsp20 family 134 Rv2032 acg conserved hypothetical 3.8 0.99 10.5 protein 135 Rv2160c hypothetical regulatory 2.4 0.66 9 protein 136 Rv2193 ctaE cytochrome c oxidase 2.3 0.04 7 polypeptide III 137 Rv2280 similar to D-lactate 2.2 0.30 7 dehydrogenase 138 Rv2495c pdhC dihydrolipoamide 2.1 0.31 7 acetyltransferase 139 Rv2497c pdhA pyruvate dehydrogenase 2.5 0.70 7 E1 component [alpha] subunit 140 Rv2557 conserved hypothetical 4.6 1.00 16.5 protein 141 Rv2623 conserved hypothetical 7.1 1.00 10.5 protein 142 Rv2624c conserved hypothetical 4.3 1.00 10.5 protein 143 Rv2625c conserved hypothetical 5.8 1.00 3 protein 144 Rv2626c conserved hypothetical 5.1 1.00 10.5 protein 145 Rv2627c conserved hypothetical 11.5 1.00 10.5 protein 146 Rv2628 hypothetical protein 15.0 1.00 16.6 147 Rv2629 hypothetical protein 4.0 1.00 10.5 148 Rv2630 hypothetical protein 2.0 0.27 16.6 149 Rv2780 ald L-alanine dehydrogenase 8.0 1.00 7 150 Rv2846c efpA putative efflux protein 2.4 0.47 3 151 Rv3048c nrdG ribonucleoside-diphosphate 2.5 0.77 2 small subunit 152 Rv3053c nrdH glutaredoxin electron 2.2 0.16 2 transport component of NrdEF 153 Rv3127 conserved hypothetical 5.3 1.00 10.5 protein 154 Rv3129 conserved hypothetical 7.2 1.00 10.5 protein 155 Rv3130c conserved hypothetical 4.4 0.99 10.5 protein 156 Rv3131 conserved hypothetical 3.5 0.93 10.5 protein 157 Rv3139 fadE24 acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 3.7 1.00 1 158 Rv3140 fadE23 acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 8.8 1.00 1 159 Rv3230c similar to various 2.7 0.89 7 oxygenases 160 Rv3675 hypothetical protein 2.6 0.76 3 161 Rv3841 bfrB bacterioferritin 6.2 1.00 7 162 Rv3842c glpQ1 glycerophosphoryl diester 2.3 0.26 7 phosphodiesterase 163 Rv3854c ethA probable monooxygenase 2.8 0.91 7 

1. An engineered Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain whose genome comprises a disruption of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of a ctpV gene, an rv0990c gene, an rv0971c gene and an rv0348 gene.
 2. The engineered Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain of claim 1, wherein mice infected with the engineered M. tuberculosis strain have an increased average post-infection lifespan of at least 125% compared to mice infected with the corresponding wild-type strain.
 3. The engineered Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain of claim 1, wherein the genome comprises a disruption of the rv0990c gene.
 4. The engineered Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain of claim 1, wherein the genome comprises a disruption of the rv0971c gene.
 5. The engineered Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain of claim 1, wherein the genome comprises a disruption of the rv0348 gene.
 6. The engineered Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain of claim 1, wherein the genome comprises a disruption of the ctpV gene.
 7. The engineered Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain of claim 6, wherein the engineered M. tuberculosis strain has an average lifespan in 500 μM CuCl₂, which is decreased by at least 25% as compared to a corresponding wild-type M. tuberculosis strain.
 8. An immunogenic composition comprising: an attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain having a genome comprising a disruption of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of a ctpV gene, an rv0990c gene, an rv0971c gene, and an rv0348 gene.
 9. The immunogenic composition of claim 8, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 10. The immunogenic composition of claim 8, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant.
 11. A method of stimulating an immune response against tuberculosis, comprising: administering to a mammal/subject an immunogenic composition according to claim
 7. 12. An engineered attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain whose genome comprises a disruption of at least one gene selected from the group consisting of a ctpV gene, an rv0990c gene, an rv0971c gene, and an rv0348 gene.
 13. The engineered attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain of claim 12, wherein the disruption prohibits transcription of a full-length wild-type mRNA from the disrupted gene.
 14. The engineered attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain of claim 12, wherein one or more disrupted genes comprise an insertion of a gene cassette.
 15. The engineered attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain of claim 12, wherein one or more disrupted genes comprise replacement of at least a portion of the gene with a gene cassette.
 16. The engineered attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain as in claim 14, wherein the gene cassette includes a nucleotide sequence encoding a selectable marker.
 17. The engineered attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain of claim 12, wherein one or more disrupted gene exhibits decreased expression of the respective disrupted gene product.
 18. The engineered Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain of claim 1, wherein the engineered M. tuberculosis strain exhibits enhanced expression of hypoxia-responsive genes under low-oxygen conditions in comparison to a corresponding wild-type M. tuberculosis strain.
 19. The engineered Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain of claim 18, wherein expression of hypoxia-responsive genes under low-oxygen conditions is not repressed by an rv0348 protein.
 20. The engineered Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain of claim 1, wherein the engineered M. tuberculosis strain exhibits enhanced expression of one or more of the following genes: Rv0823c-Rv0824c; Rv1622c; Rv1623c; Rv2031c; Rv2629-Rv2630; Rv3048c; and Rv3139-Rv3140.
 21. The engineered Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain of claim 1, wherein the engineered M. tuberculosis strain exhibits decreased expression of one or more of the following genes: Rv0167-0177; Rv0684-0685; Rv0700-0710; Rv0718-0723; Rv1613-1614; Rv2391, 2392; Rv2948c; Rv3148-Rv3154; Rv3460c; Rv3824c-Rv3825c; Rv3921c-Rv3924c. 